Drug And Alcohol-Final Exam-Ch. 15

Front 1

three species of cannabis

Back 1

1-Cannabis sativa
2-Cannabis indica
3-Cannabis ruderalis

Front 2

Cannabis sativa

Back 2

-originated in Asia but now grown worldwide
-grown primarily for its fibers-hemp rope
-grows as a weed
-grown at Mount Vernon by George Washington (for hemp and possible medicinal uses)
-a lanky plant up to 18 feet high

Front 3

Cannabis indica

Back 3

-grown for psychoactive resins
-cultivated in many areas of the world
-a compact plant 2-3 feet high
-potency varies depending on plant genetics and environmental conditions

Front 4

Cannabis ruderalis

Back 4

-grown primarily in Russia

Front 5

THC

Back 5

-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol
-primary psychoactive agent in Cannabis
-concentrated in the resin (mostly in the flowering tops)-less in the leaves, little in the fibrous stalks

Front 6

hashish

Back 6

-consists of pure resin that has been carefully removed from the surface of leaves and stems
-rare in the US
-average THC content of US hashish ranges from 3-7%
-strongest concentration of resin

Front 7

history of "Marijuana, Assassin of Youth": early 1900s

Back 7

little public interest or use

Front 8

history of "Marijuana, Assassin of Youth": 1926

Back 8

series of newspaper articles linked marijuana and crime
-other reports by police and in popular literature followed

Front 9

history of "Marijuana, Assassin of Youth": 1936

Back 9

all states had laws regulating the use, sale, and/or possession of marijuana

Front 10

early regulation efforts of marijuana

Back 10

-based on concern about use
-not based on diret evidence linking marijuana use with crime or violence

Front 11

contributing factors to "pyramid of prejudice" against marijuana

Back 11

-marijuana use associated with lower-class groups and recent immigrants
-regular references made in popular literature to the murdering cult of assassins as suggestive of the characteristics of the drug

Front 12

Marijuana Tax Act of 1937

Back 12

-act followed the regulation-by-taxation theme of the 1914 Harrison Act
-grower, distributor, seller, and buyer were taxed
-administratively almost impossible to deal Cannabis
-specifically named Cannabis sativa

Front 13

what happened in 1969 pertaining the Marijuana Tax Act of 1937?

Back 13

-US Supreme Court declared the Marijuana Tax Act unconstitutional
-Timothy Lery (illegal because you have to violate the 5th amendment by incriminating yourself)

Front 14

chemistry of Cannabis

Back 14

-complex and unique
-active agent contains no nitrogen and thus is not an alkaloid like other psychoactive plant materials

Front 15

high-lipid solubility of THC

Back 15

-selectively taken up and stored in fatty tissue, to be released slowly
-no easy way to monitor THC and metabolite levels and relate them to effects
-long-lasting low concentrations of THC and metabolites may have effects on the brain and other organs that have no yet been determined

Front 16

abuse potential concerning marijuana

Back 16

-studies show both animals and humans will self-administer the drug
-marijuana cigarettes with higher THC content are preferred
-oral THC does not have high abuse potential, likely due to its different time course (less rapid onset of effects is usually associated with reduced risk of abuse)

Front 17

effects on INFREQUENT users

Back 17

-slowed cognitive processing
-impaired short-term memory
-impaired inhibitory control
-loss of sustained concentration or vigilance
-impaired visuospatial processing

Front 18

effects on FREQUENT users

Back 18

-causes less dramatic effects, implying they are tolerant to some (but not all) cognitive effects
-slowed cognitive processing consistently seen
-impairment during certain workplace tasks and the operation of machinery and automobiles can have significant effects

Front 19

medicinal uses of marijuana

Back 19

-reduced fluid pressure in the eyes (glaucoma)
-reduced severe nausea caused by certain drugs used to treat cancer (Marinol)

Front 20

Dronabinol and Marinol

Back 20

-Marinol is the brand name for Dronabinol
-1985
-oral THC
-licensed for sale to cancer patients experiencing nausea from chemotherapy
-1993: approved to stimulate appetite in AIDS patients
-THC in a pill form (not marijuana)

Front 21

findings from Institute of Medicine (IOM) report

Back 21

-marijuana is a relatively safe and effective medicine for patients suffering from certain chronic conditions
-more research is needed
-an effective inhaler of THC is next
-should not be used for more than 6 months

Front 22

toxicity potential concerning lung exposure

Back 22

-daily smoking impairs air flow in and out of the lungs
-marijuana smoke contains many-but not all-the chemicals in tobacco smoke
-marijuana cigarettes are not filtered

Front 23

sinsemilla

Back 23

-"without seeds"
-a method of growing more potent marijuana

Front 24

anandamide

Back 24

-a chemical isolated from brain tissue that has marijuana-like properties

Front 25

amotivational syndrome

Back 25

-diminished motivation, impaired ability to learn, and school and family problems in some adolescents who are chronic, heavy marijuana smokers

Front 26

National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws (NORML)

Back 26

-1970
-established by a young Washington lawyer
-gave voice to marijuana users