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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Ancient Mesopotamia |
Earliest clues about dreams -5000 years ago. Central region of modern iraq "the cradle of civilization" |
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Sumerians |
First cultural group residing in Mesopotamia Followed by the Akkadians, Babylonians, and the Assyrians |
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Cuneiforma |
2700 BC - form of writing, wedge-shaped indentations pressed into clay tablets The Sumerian's earliest records of dreams ~3100BC |
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Legendary Hero King Gilgamesh |
1st references to sequential dreams from same dreams. Good fortunes or misfortune depending on interpretations. |
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Oppenheim's Classifications of Dreams |
- Message Dreams
- Mantic Dreams - Symbolic Dreams |
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Message Dreams |
Experienced by kings - diety would appear. Would have to go to temple and stay there overnight |
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Mantic Dreams |
Indication of what the future would bring. Personal destiny. Omen texts with cause and effect statements like "if a dead person kisses a man, one near to him will die" |
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Symbolic Dreams |
Unusual interactions with gods, stars, people, animals, or innumerable objects |
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Dreams relating to the Old Testament |
Psalm 127 the Lord "giveth unto his beloved in their sleep" The story of Jacob - ladder dream |
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The Talmud |
62 volumes - connects the Old Testament with contemporary Judaism Palesinian Talmud, dating around 500 BC |
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Some Jewish Beleifs |
Angels sent in dreams as messengers from god. Gabriel was the "prince of dreams" Soul travel |
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Some Egyptian Beliefs |
- less concerned with demonology - Serapis - Egyptian god of dreams - Royalty dreams were given more attention because gods more likely to appear - Incubation and Surrogate dreamers |
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Chester Beatty Papyrus III |
1st collection of Egyptian belief dream omina. - 143 good dreams and 91 bad dreams - interpretations for dream imagery |
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The Carlsburg Papyrus |
2nd collection of Egyptian belief dream Omina - 250 omina categorized - describes outcomes after dream activities - included women's dreams |
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Chinese Dream Beliefs |
- T'ung Shu - ancient almanac with 7 classifications like heaven, weather, houses, gardens, forests, human body, animals, birds - Lie-tsu - Classifications of dreams like ordinary, terror, thought, waking, and joy. Yin and Yang energy. |
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Indian Dream Beleifs |
- Vedas - book of wisdom from 1500-100 BC. Elephant riding = lucky. Donkey = unlucky. - The Sushruta Samhita - medical and surgical lore or dreams, illnesses. |
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Greek Dream Beliefs |
Homer's epic poems - earliest Greek references to dreams Homeric - divine origin sent to dreamer allegorical dream - neither a diety nor deceased spirit is involved. |
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Hippocrates |
Father of Greek medicine. Placed emphasis upon the four humors (blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile) as well as corresponding to organs (heart, brain, liver, and spleen). |
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Aristotle |
Plato's student. Argued against an astrological interpretation of dreams and rejected the notion of their divine origin. Prodromal dreams - the future somatic dysfunction |
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Galen |
Greek physician - dreams had diagnostic utility and indicated imbalances of bodily substances. Claimed he had saved many lives as a consequence of his dreams |
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Dream Incubation |
"plant a seed" in the mind in order for a specific dream topic to occur. |
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Lucretius |
Latin poet from 98-55 BC. Dreams were separate stationary images but an illusion of motion was created because the images replaced one another so rapidly |
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Cicero |
Great cynic roman orator (104-8 BC). contrasting interpretations offered for the same dream. Held distain for dream interpreters |
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Artemidoris of Daldis |
first large scale classification of dreams. 5 books, encyclopedia of dreams. First 3 books - detailed taxonomy. Last 2 books - meant for his son to develop dream interpretation |
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Muhammed |
Koran (12:6) science of dreams was "the prime science since the beginning of the world". |
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Muslim dream book |
An-Nabulsi, 2 volume work, 600 pages, alphabetical listing of dream objects and associated interpretations |
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Tabir Namehs |
dream books - in Islam, Arabic, Persian, Turkish, and Hindustani. Tried to justify dream interpretations by linking them to statements made by the Prophet or passages in the Koran |
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Ishtikhara |
seeking dreams by reciting a special daytime prayer |
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Hebrew's interest in dreams |
Old Testament and Babylonian Talmud, 4 chapters on dreams. "dreams had strong hold on intellectual leaders of judaism. |
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Meng Shu |
Chinese dream book around 640. |
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Mang Chan I Chih in |
Chinese dream book around 1562 |
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Japan-om myoshi |
Japanese dream interpreters where the sick slept in temple sanctuaries hoping to see the boddhisattva Yakushi as a monk int heir dreams |
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Basil the Great |
Alexandrian bishop. Warned a friend it was better not to sleep too hard, because this opened the mind to wild fancies |
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Saint John Chrysostom from Constantinople |
Said that the dreamer is not responsible for acts committed. Should not feel guilty or what he did while dreaming. |
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Senses of Cyrene |
Book on dreams, an almost inexhaustible source of riches. Enable the soul to ascend to a superior region which allows it the perfect inspections of true things |
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St. Jerome |
Mistranslation of 'anan'. Rome in 382 to translate the bible into Latin and had a cataclysmic effect upon how dreams were viewed by western Christians for the next fifteen centuries. Condemnation against dreams. Dreams confused with witchcraft. |
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Macrobius |
Contemporary of St. Jerome Two types of dreams, the nightmare, and apparitions. |
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Incubus |
A male demon who produces a sensation of weight while sexually possessing a woman |
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Succubus |
A female demon who seduced male dreamers |
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St. Thomas Aquinas |
The Church's most authoritative theologian, issuing warnings about the possible direct or indirect invocation of demos in dreams |
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Benedict Pereius |
Jesuit priest, wrote De magia, written in 1598 that states most dreams should be entirely discredited. |
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Father Gracian |
confessor of Saint Theresa - warned that it is a sin to believe in dreams. |
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Descartes |
Dualistic system gave strong empahasis to the independent role of the mind, but others increasingly began to emphasize the role of physical or somatic factors in creating our mental states |
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Thomase Hobbes |
17th century representative of the 'mechanical' or empirical approach to dreams. |
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Secular Dream Beleifs in 17th and 18th centuries |
Awareness that dreams could have a powerful impact upon waking behaviour. Dreams now dissociated rom the devil and associated with scientific inquiry. |
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Romantic School - 19th centure |
Developped in opposition to the industrial revolutions emphasis on goods and products. Appreciated the significance of the unconscious Hervey St. Deny's - Master of Lucid Dreaming |
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Frank Seafield - A neglected History of Dreams |
1. Dreams have intelligible meaning. 2. primarily traceable to the dreamer's personality structure and to the intensity of the dreamer's thoughts and emotions during the preceding day. 3. reflect incorporation of external physical stimuli or internal symptoms ofphysical illness. 4. capable of problem-solving. 5. compensate for satisfactions lacking in waking life 6. mind-body relationships that should be investigated by psychologists. 7. Introspection can give the dreamer valuable insights about the elements ofhis or her character which might need modification to produce a better-balanced personality. |
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Karl Scherner |
Believed in the importance of symbolism in dreams Interested in somatic symbols. House- human body Flying dreams- increased lung functioning Heavy traffic- circulatory conditions Muddy streets – intestinal stimulus |
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Salvador Dali |
Spanish surrealist painter. Influenced by Freud's interpretation of dreams. Hand painted dream photographs. |
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William Blake |
Facial detail of a man appearing in his dreams. Dreams were a big creative inspiration for him. |
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Harriet Tubman |
Escaped slave led hundreds of slaves to freedom through "underground railroad" Dreams helped her find safe pathways and never lost a single passenger. |
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Mohandas Ghandi |
Eagerly seeking for ways to free his people formcolonial subjugation Had a dream suggesting that the people of India suspend usual businessactivities for 24 hours and devote time to fasting and prayer Non-violent mass strikes of hartals in 1919 Turing point in India’s efforts to achieve self-determination |