Drama I Final Exam Thtr 3121

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Vitruvius

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Wrote De Architectura (describes set design of comedies & tragedies of Roman theatre) Bible of How To Build & Stage Drama. (Italian Ren)

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Julius Caesar Scaliger

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Purpose of drama is “to teach and to please.” Represented critics point of view (Italian Ren)

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Antonio Minturno

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Purpose of drama is to teach, please and to persuade (towards the good), represented religious authorities POV (Italian)

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Lodovico Castelvetro

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Purpose of drama is only to please the ignorant, represented audiences POV (Italian)

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Machiavelli

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He was Italian statesman, author, & political philosopher. Wrote The Mandrake, drama based on classical plays, very reminiscent of Roman New Comedy.

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Teatro Olimpico

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built in 1580-1584, oldest surviving Italian renaissance theatre. Miniature indoor roman theatre. 5 entrances to stage.

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Sabbioneta

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built in 1588, more representative of common theatres than olimpico, small theatre (250) and simpler design, horseshoe shaped area

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Teatro Farnese

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built in 1618, permanent proscenium arch stage, open, circular, floodable orchestra

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Sebastiano Serlio

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Used Vitruvius as a model to write Architettura, used rules of prospective (how the human eye sees) angled wings and ranked stage. 3 settings, 1 per play (tragic=stately, comic=common buildings, pastoral=fields)

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University Wits

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Group of pre-Shakespearian playwrights. Shakespeare was NOT a University Wit. Marlowe, Kyd. Lyly and Greene

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Christopher Marlowe

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Doctor Faustus, The Jew of Malta, Edward II, a university wit. Credited with introducing iambic pentameter

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Thomas Kyd

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The Spanish Tragedy, influenced Hamlet, a university wit

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Ben Jonson

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Volpone, known for comedy of humours, wrote court masques

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Beaumont and Fletcher

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Henry 8th & Two Noble Kinsmen co-written by Shakespeare & Fletcher. Both famous for tragic comedies like Philaster. Beaumont (The Knight of the Burning Pestle)

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John Webster

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The Duchess of Malfi, known for extremely violent, dark plays

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John Ford

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Tis Pity She’s a Whore

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Inigo Jones

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court architect and stage designer for both James I and Charles I. Brought Italian innovations to England: proscenium arches, systems for changing scenery (ex. revolving platforms), painted-perspective stage sets.

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Lord Chamberlain’s Men/King’s Men

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(1594-1642) Shakespeare’s troupe,
2 famous actors: Richard Burbage considered the most famous Elizabethan actor and Will Kept-clown, Performed at the Rose “the Theatre” The Globe, Blackfriars Renamed Kingsmen in 1603

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Richard Burbage

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(1567-1619) Actor of Elizabethan stage, owned the land where the Globe theatre was built. Had Shakespeare and others as his partner. Famous for his impersonation of Richard III and other Shakespearian characters, Tragedy was where he excelled. Was a painter as well as a Shakespeare actor

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Will Kemp

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famous clown in Lord Chamberlain’s Men

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Blackfriar’s Theatre

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first private/ indoor theatre. (1576-1608: used exclusively by the popular boys’ companies. later Used by the University of Wits and Kings’ men during the Winter

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The Theatre

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(1576-1598) built North of London because theatres had to be located outside of the jurisdiction of city officials.

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The Rose

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( 1587-1606)- the original had 13 or 14 sides. Diameter of inner yard= 49 feet

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The Globe

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The most famous public théâtre built by Richard & Cuthbart Burbage for the Lord Chamberlain’s Men. Had been 18-20 sides. –rebuilt in 1990s, opened in 1997. Rebulit= 20 sides, 99ft in overall diameter, yard’s diameter= 74 ft

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Lope de Rueda

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actor, manager, playwright. Most popular performer in early Spanish theatre. Wrote and directed auto sacramentals for Corpus Christi festivals. Also wrote secular plays. Wrote 5 full length plays and a dozen pasos – short comic pieces. Helped popularize secular theatre. Was the author-manager for his traveling company

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Lope de Vega

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Created comedia nueva (later called comedia. most popular of his day. Wrote a treatise “The New Art of Playwriting”, ignores neoclassical ideals. Combines Italian plots with Spanish songs. ‘Fuente Ovejuna’ ‘punishment without revenge’ ‘the discovery of the new world’ ‘acting is believing’ ‘the king of olmedo’. established a distinctive episodic structure for Spanish drama. Aim of his plays was “to please the audience”. Establish the popularity f the 3-Act verse comedia. Joined a lay confraternity, became a priest despite his womanizing past. Lived during Shakespeare’s time and wrote in a similar form.

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Calderón de la Barca

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Spain’s most popular playwright after de Vega died. Wrote in a variety of styles. Most thèmes revolved around love and honor. Wrote and produced poetic musical dramas for court entertainments. Many of his plays influenced the playwrights of neoclassical France and Restoration England. Wrote 111 Secular plays & 70 auto sacramentals. A leader among the court poets. Director of court théâtre after Lope de Vega.

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Sor Juana Inéz de la Cruz

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(1651-1695) born to umarried parents. Became a nun so she could study and learn. Renowned for her beauty. Wrote poetry, music, plays & theological works. Wrote criticism of male priest & had to recant her beliefs. “House of Trials” wrote all parts. “Divine Narcissus” “Reply to Sur Fioletea” secular dramas produced at the palaces of government officials.

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Tirso de Molina

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(1584-1648) 80 surviving plays. Trickster of Seville First Don Juan play. wrote 400 plays. Compared to Lope and Calderon

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Pléiade

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group of scholars interested in solidifying idals of French culture. advocated neoclassical ideal (main:verisimilitude) A literary group formed in the middle 1500s in Paris to further reading and culture. Plays written were derivative, not original, aimed exclusively at an upper-clas, scholarly audience.

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French Academy

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founded by cardinal richelieu. Official guardians of French language n style. Strictly enforced the neoclassical principles and censored playwrights who deviated from them. Established in 1636. Limited to 40 writers and other intellectuals. Still exists today.

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Georges de Scudéry

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Wrote Observations on Le Cid, appealed to French academy about Le Cid

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Pierre Corneille

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wrote « Le Cid » , responds to scudery’s observation with an apologetic letter defending it. Plots about honorable heros. “The Theatrical Illusion” elected to French academy

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Cardinal Richelieu

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helped Henry XIII rule beause he was young. Concentrated power and authority in crown. Cultural power, not just military/political. Most powerful man in France around 1620 b/c he ruled the country in the name of the young king. Took power away from nobles and Protestants and put it in hands on the monarch. Interested in establishing standards in French literature and the arts, with a strong Italian stamp/ influence. Encouraged the formation of the French Academy.

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Hôtel de Bourgogne

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permanent, public theatre building, had its own acting troup, known for great tragedies, famous actors were bellerose and mountfleury constructed by the Confraternity of the Passion. Was Paris’ sole permanent indoor theatre for nearly a century.

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Théȃtre du Marais

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public, converted from tennis courts & rebuilt after a fire. Known for famous actors and extravagant designs. Bourgogne’s 1st competition and was a permanent converted tennis court.

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Jodelet

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famous clown, played in whiteface, Moliere wrote for him. Played in Theatre du marais

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King’s Troupe (Comédiens du Roi)

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actors of Palais Royal

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Molière

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Palais royal known as his home. Inspired by commedia dell’arte troups. Huge success with School for Wives, Tartuffe, The Vourgeoise Gentleman, The Misanthrope, The Imaginary Invalid. French neoclassical playwright who exerts the pst influence on modern theatre that specialized in comedy. Insisted on depicting vices and follies truthfully, shocked audiences. Rhyming couplets. Influenced by commedia dell’arte and his characters resembled stock types. His plots adhered to the neoclassical rules. Both an accomplished playwright and a comic actor. His trope was The King’s men.

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Armand Béjart

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actress, Molière’s wife

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GiacamoTorelli

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designer for Palais Royal. Brought Italian design to Paris (chariot & pole system, extravagant scenery) Called the “great wizard” because of his many spectacular stage settings and scene changes. Influenced italy and France. Perfected the pole-and-chariot method of scene shifting. Sometimes used cut out flats to give a 3-D effect to trees and shrubs.

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Comédie Française

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in 1680 various acting troups batteling it out. king interviened & made them all 1. 1st national theatre. All spoken drama in French. First National Theatre in the World. Government supported national theatre. Formed when Louis XIV merged two earlier troupes. Organized under the sharing plan of Moliere’s troupe. Was granted a monopoly. It preserved the best of French classical drama- Corneille, Racine, Moliere- as well as a distinguished tradition of classical acting.

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Louis XIV

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impressed by Moliere & gave him Palais Royal. Performed in ballet-d’entrèes’. Reigned from 1643-1715. 5 years old when put on the throne. Cardinal Mazarin (Italian) ruled for him so France had Italian influence.

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Mountfleury

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actor from hotel de Bourgogne

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Poetics

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Aristotle-The Athenian Construction, On Dreams, The History of Animals, Metaphysics, Rhetoric, On Sense and Sensible, Virtues and Vices.

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Ars Poetica

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Horace-Poem of the Secular Games, The Odes, The Epistles, The Epodes, The Satires

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De Arcitectura

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Vitruvius-Landscape Architecture, Construction Materials, Temples (part 1) Temples (part 2), Public places; (square, meeting hall, theatre, park, gymnasium, harbor), Private Dwellings, Finishes and colors, Water Supply, Sundials and clocks, Mechanical Enineering.

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Architettura

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Sebastiano Serlio-On the Five styles of Buildings, On Antiquities, On Geometry, On Prespective, On Temples, Extraordinary Book of Doors, On Situations, On habitations, On Polybius Castrametation

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The Divine Narcissus

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Sor Juana-To her Portrait, Phyllis, On the death of that most excellent lady, My lady, My divine Lysis, In which she satisfies a Fear with the Rhetoric of Tears, I approach and I withdraw, Arraignment of the Men

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Observations on The Cid

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Georges de Scudéry- L’Amour tyannique, L’Apoligie du théâtre, lbrahim, Artamène, ou Le Grand Cyrus, Clélie, Almahide, ou, L’Esclave reine

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Le Cid

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Pierre Corneille-Clitandre, The Widow, The place Corridor, The Maidservane, La Place Royal, L’Illusion Comique, Horace, Cinna, Polyeucte, The Liar

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Opinions of the French Academy

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intellectuals, not public judge if a play is good. Le Cid. Plot is unrealistic. Violated decorum, violates unities.

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Versailles Impromptu

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Moliere-Amphitryone, Don Gracia of Navarre, Psyche, The Self-Deceived, Husband, Tartuffe, The Blunderer, The Bores, The Contess of Escarbagnas, The Imaginary Invalid, The Impostures of Scapin, The learned Womeen, The Love-Tiff, The magnificent Lovers, The middle Glass Gentleman, The Miser, The Pretentious Young Ladies, The school for Husbands.

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“Reply to Sor Filotea”

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An open letter by Sor Juana that responds to a letter supposedly written by a fellow nun (it was actually another male priest) in which Sor Juana defends the right of women to be educated.

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Intermezzi

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short pieces appearing between acts of full-length plays

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Pastoral

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romantic pieces about shepherds and shepherdesses and satyrs.

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Commedia dell’arte

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improvised. Masked theatre form featuring mostly comic plots n stock characters. Popular throughout eurpose during renaissance. Often comic but not necessary. Acrobatics, music, acting, used set speeches, songs & comic bitcs called lazzi.

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Innamorato/a

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Lovers (young ingénue and male lead), unmasked. Companies had a major/ minor pairing. Performed collected poems.

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Pantalone

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foolish old man. Often villan (Mr. Burns)

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Dottore

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bumbling know it all

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Capitano

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braggart and coward. (Zapp Brannigan)

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Zanni

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name for servents. Masked except women.

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Brighella

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servent. Cunning & synical. Often with a mustache. Goal is to outwit lovesick fool, rob a miser or beat up a creditor

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Arlecchino

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servent derived from devil character. Acrobatic side man. Often with a wooden sword or slap stick.

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Pulcinella

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servent who is aways gluttonous or hungry, beak-like nose (homer simpson)

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Zagne

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female comic roles. Usually unmasked

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Sacra rappresentazione

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Italian ecclesiastical drama religious dramas represented scenes from the Old and New Testaments, from pious leaders and the lives of Saints. used dialogue from scared Scriptures to instruct the audience in a lesson of good conduct of dramatizing the punishment of vice and virtue.

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Interludes

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A short dramatic piece staged between the courses of a banquet. (pg. 138 of book)

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Pastoral

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a Greek satyr play short, ribald comic pieces that has been presented as a follow up to Greek Tragedies, subject matter of the Renaissance pastoral in Romance, characters usually shepards and mythological creatures who inhabit the forest and country side. (pg 150 of book)

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School Drama

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Plays written at the universities and presented at school and colleges rather than for the general public, usually reflected some Greek and Roman influences, but they also used many medieval dramaturgical techniques. (pg. 177 & 179 of book)

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Comedy of humors

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associated with Ben Johnson, it is used in medieval and Renaissance medical theory that the human body is held a balance of four liquids, or humors: blood, yellow bile and black bile. When properly balanced the humours were thought to give the individual a healthy mind in a healthy body. Usually a character represents one humour in which a man went out of his way to appear singular by affecting certain famous of clothing, speech and social habits. (Stock characters)

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Masques

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An elaborate entertainment presented at court, was a favorate of the royalty and the nobility.

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Anti-masques

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A burlesque of the main theme.

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Boys’ plays

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Boy troupes performing for public and court ; often cutting satire

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Auto sacramental

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1 act religious spectacles performed at corpus Christi by professionals. Used carros (2story wagons with special effects) & allegorical characters.

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Comedia

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means play of comedy. Created by lope de vega. Ignores neoclassical ideals. Italian plots with Spanish songs.

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Zarzuela

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dramatic pieces combining folk songs and narratives, sometimes seen as precursor to modern musical

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Entremes

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skits between acts of comedia plays

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Loa

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introductory piece

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auto de fe

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big public inquisitional ceremony

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comedy ballet

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dialogue alternated with dancing scenes, performed for court (moliere)

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ballet d’entrèes

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like English masques. Allegorical. Simple court dances with an explanatory libretto. Divided into “entries” “Ballet of the Night” often performed by Louis XIV

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Gracioso

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Male comic servant

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machine plays

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Special effects & spectacle

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Neoclassical Ideal

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Verisimilitude – likeness to truth.
Defined by 3:
reality, morality, universality

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Poetic Justice

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good rewarded with good & bad gets bad

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Decorum

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norms of behavior for different types of people and plays (servents servile, kings noble & men manly)

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Three Unities

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reality, morality, universality

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Perspective

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how the human eye sees. set design. Angled wings & raked stage

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Humanism

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a shift from seeing reality from god’s perspective to seeing reality through human

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Carros

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Performance space. A courtyard surrounded by 3 buildings. Paid one price to enter, another for special seating. Strict segregation of genders.

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Limpieza de sangre

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Cleanliness of blood »- Underlying social concern for the Spanish.

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Spanish Inquisition

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Spanish Honor system – aims at heretics, uses anonymous witnesses, neighbor rats out neighbor, very organized/very spanish

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Zarazuela

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Dramatic pieces combining folk songs and narratives. Performed @ The Royal Hunting Lodge. Sometimes seen as 1st musicals.

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Bienséance

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French Decorum

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Caroline (or Carolinian)

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describes theatre in the time of King Charles I.

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Jacobean

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describes theatre in the time of King James I

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Calderón de la Barca

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• Wrote about 200 plays and autos, 100 or so survived
• Surgeon of his Honor
• Life is a Dream
• Phantom Lady

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Sor Juana Inéz de la Cruz

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• born to umarried parents.
• Became a nun so she could study and learn.
• Renowned for her beauty.
• Wrote poetry, music, plays & theological works.
• Wrote criticism of male priest & had to recant her beliefs.
• “House of Trials” wrote all parts. “Divine Narcissus” “Reply to Sur Fioletea”