2.3: 03. Pediatric Neurology I: Disorders Of Cognition And Language

Front 1

In terms of language, what should an infant be able to do by a year of age? By one and half years?

Back 1

One year: Speak in jargons and say "mama" or "dada"
One and half years: Ability to point to desired objects and gain of several words

Front 2

**If there is a language delay, what are the four most likely (general) causes?

Back 2

1. Hearing Disorder
2. Motor Disorder
3. Cognitive Disorder
4. Social Disorder

Front 3

**True or False: You should always test a child with a suspected language delay for a hearing disorder

Back 3

True

Front 4

What are two motor disorders associated with language delay?

Back 4

1. congenital: cerebral palsy
2. acquired: lesion in the brain

*identify through localizing exams or neuroimaging

Front 5

What are two cognitive disorders associated with language delay?

Back 5

1. Mental retardation
2. Progressive degenerative diseases

Front 6

If the child has a language delay and a hearing, motor, and cognitive disorder have all been ruled out, what might be suspected?

Back 6

Social Disorder

Front 7

**What is autism?

Back 7

Behaviorally defined disorder that results in:
1. Impaired communication
2. Impaired sociability
3. Rigidity: desire for sameness, stereotypic behaviors, perseveration

Front 8

**What is a simple way to test/help identify if a child might be autistic?

Back 8

Simple test of pointing and prosody

(Pointing is an important way children indicate joint interest/communicate and autistic children often have a flat or sing-song quality to their speech/cannot identify sarcasm)

Front 9

True or False: The ability to identify sarcasm relies on prosody.

Back 9

True

Front 10

What conditions can a social and psychological evaluation for a child with a language delay rule out?

Back 10

1. Speech disorders
2. Elective mutism
3. Depression
4. Autism

Front 11

**What is the definition of aphasia?

Back 11

Language disorder that affects the ability to understand and express spoken or written language (either or both)

Front 12

**What are 3 examples of childhood epileptic syndromes associated with aphasia?

Back 12

1. Rolandic Epilepsy/Benign Childhood Epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes
2. Landau-Kleffner Syndrome
3. Continuous Spikes and Waves during slow Sleep (CSWS)

Front 13

Rolandic Epilepsy:
1. Where is the region of epileptic activity?
2. What will the EEG show?
3. Does it affect expressive or perceptive language?
4. Is good recovery likely?

Back 13

1 & 2.) Centrotemporal spikes during sleep
3. Affects expressive language (vs. receptive); similar to Wernicke's Aphasia (language rarely involved, but if it is)
4. Good recovery likely

Front 14

Landau Kleffner Syndrome:
1. What does the EEG show?
2. True or false: Affects comprehension
3. Is it more or less severe than Rolandic epilepsy?

Back 14

1. Paroxysmal EEG, abnormal activity in one or both temporal lobes; no focal brain lesion
2. True (verbal and auditory recognition impaired)
3. More severe

Front 15

Continuous Spikes and Waves during slow sleep (CSWS):
1. What does the EEG show?
2. True or False: It is transitory.
3. What is the prognosis for epilepsy?
4. What other deficits are a concern with CSWS?

Back 15

1. Spike and wave discharges during 85% of non-REM sleep
2. True
3. Good
4. Neuropsychological deficits are a concern

Front 16

What is the definition of phonology?

Back 16

The ability to discriminate and produce specific sounds of a given language (phonemes)

Prosody and stress are aspects of phonology

Front 17

True or False: Phonological receptivity is constant throughout life.

Back 17

False. Receptivity starts to decline at around 10 months. (ex. pronouncing Hanukkah)

Front 18

What is the definition of grammar?

Back 18

Underlying rules that organize any specific lanaguage; morphology + syntax

Front 19

What is the definition of semantics? When is the peak of its acquisition?

Back 19

Vocabulary; maximally acquired during year 3 and 4

Front 20

True or False: Vocabulary acquisition greatly affected by the environment

Back 20

True

Front 21

What is the definition of pragmatics?

Back 21

Social use of language (ex. turn taking, politeness, conversational repair, a high cognitive function)

Front 22

What does Noam Chomsky's theory of Pure Linguistics posit?

Back 22

Phonology and grammar are the products of innate rules that are genetically imprinted and universal to languages. (ex. Grammar gene, KE family)

Environment activates genetic mechanism.

(This also means that semantics and pragmatics are learned (vs. innate/genetic))