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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The vertebral column is made up of what two components
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vertebrae and intervertebral discs
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the vertebral column extend from...
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the cranium to the apex of the coccyx
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what is the axial skelleton
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the skelleton in the neck, and back
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How many vertebrae are in the vertebral disk?
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33
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How do the 33 vertebrae in the vertebral disks brake down
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7- Cervical
12- Thoracic 5- Lumbar 5- Sacral 4- Coccyx |
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What is the name given to the first and second vertebrae?
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Atlas and Axis
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what is unique about the sacral and coccyx vertebrae?
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they are fused together
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What are the four normally occurring curvatures of the spine? ANTERIORLY do they result in concave or convex shape?
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Cervical --> Convex
Thoracic --> Concave Lumbar --> Convex Sacral--> Concave |
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An abnormal increase of thoracic curvature
-Can results from erosion of the anterior part of one or more vertebrae |
Kyphosis (Humpback)
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Excessive thoracic kyphosis in older women resulting from osteoporosis
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Dowager's syndrome
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An abnormal increase in the lumbar curvature
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Lordosis
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What causes lordosis
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weakened trunk musculature
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An abnormal lateral curvature -Most common deformity of the vertebral column in pubertal girls
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scoliosis
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what causes scoliosis
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assymetrical weakness of intrinsic back muscles, failure of muscles on one side of the body to develop or difference in limb length.
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Fracture of the L5 vertebral lamina
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spondylolysis
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what occurs in spina bifida?
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Failure of the lamina of the L5 or S1 to develop properly
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What are the three types of spina bifida? what seperates them?
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Spina bifida oculta- defect is hidden under the skin.
Spina bifida cystica- herniation of the meninges. (meningoccele) Spina bifida (meningomyelocele) portions of the meninges and spinal cord are exposed. |
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Where can one find the dens of the axis?
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Sticking up the transverse foramen of the atlas.
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The accessory process of the vertebrae provides attachment for what muscles?
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medial intertransverse lumborum muscles
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The mamilary process of the vertebrae provides attachment for what muscles?
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multifidus muscle
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Surgical excision of one or more spinous processes & adjacent supporting vertebral laminae
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laminectomy
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Why would someone have a laminectomy?
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to gain access to the vertebral canal
to relieve pressure on the spine, nerves, tumors, or herniated discs |
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What two vertebrae have the most common fractures?
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Atlas and axis because they have thin anterior and posterior arches
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Along with atlas fracture what ligament must be fractured in a Jefferson or burst fracture
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transverse ligament
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Narrowing of vertebral foramen in one or more lumbar vertebrae. Diagnosis? Care?
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Lumbar Spinal Stenosis; Decompressive laminectomy
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Recall the sacral part of the spinal column does not contain...
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spinal cord
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The ANTERIOR Projecting edge of the S1 is called?
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sacral promontory
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Where is the sacral hiatus
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between S4 and S5
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What is the Sacral Cornua? Why is it important?
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an elvated V shaped ridge surrounding the sacral hiatus where a lumbar puncture or epidural is performed.
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What is the benefit of an epidural?
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Pain fibers from the uterus are not affected as they ascend via the inferior hypogastric plexus.
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What is the purpose of the intervertebral discs
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they allow for movement and act as shock absorbers. Think about a possible clinical vingette about damage to the IV disks.
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what is the annulus fibrosis?
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the structure that makes up the IV discs
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what are the two portions of the annulus fibrosis
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outer concentric lamellae of fibrocartillage
a gelatnous central mass called the nucleus pulposis |
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There is no IV disc between....
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C1 and C2 (Atlas and Axis)
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-Results in compression of spinal cord nerve roots or of cauda equina
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Herniation of the Nucleus Pulposis (gelatnous central mass in the IV discs)
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A patient comes in complaining of chronic back pain. Besides nerve damage to the area what is another possible cause of the pain?
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herniation of the nucleus pulposis.
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Protrusion of the IV disc at L5-S1
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Lumbago
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Near the spine Plexuses communicate through the ...
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intervertebral foramina
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Vertebral bodies are drained by what veins?
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Basivertebral vein
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What aretries can be found supplying blood to the neck?
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vertebral and ascending cervical arteries
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what arteries supply blood to the trunk
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segmental arteries
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what areteries supply blood to the abdomen
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lumbar arteries
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what arteries supply blood to the pelvis?
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illiolumbar, lateral and medial sacral arteries.
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In adults, where does the SPINAL CORD end?
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opposite the Intervertebral disc between L1 and L2.
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In infants, where does the spinal CORD end?
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opposite the IV disc between L2 and L3
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What are the three layers of spinal meninges
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1.) Dura mater (most superficial)
2.) Arrachnoid Space 3.) Pia mater (deepest) |
