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39 Cards in this Set

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Define cytokine and their functions
soluble regulatory proteins secreted by the cells of the immune system and other somatic cells. They play important roles as mediators of physiologic processes, including inflammation, immunity and hemopoiesis.
All cytokine receptors are transmembrane proteins
What are the four different families of cytokines
1. Hemopoietins and Hemopoietin Receptor Family
2. Interferons and INF Receptor Family
3. Chemokines and Chemokine Receptor Family.
4. Tumor Necrosis Factor and TNF Receptor Family
What family of intracellular proteins negatively regulate cytokines
SOCS (Suppressors of Cytokine Signaling)
IL-1
Many activities in common with TNFα. Activation of lymphocytes (connection with the specific immune response).
IL-6
Acute phase response. Activation of lymphocytes and increased antibody production (connection with the specific immune response).
IL-12
Activation of NK cells. Induces differentiation of CD4+ cells into Th1 cells.
IL-23
Related to IL-12. Induces differentiation of CD4+ cells into Th17 cells, which are distinct from the classical Th1 and Th2 cells.
INF alpha
Has anti-viral effects, activates neutrophils, monocytes, NK cells.
Chemokines (e.g., IL-8):
Chemotactic factors for leukocytes (see below). Activation of neutrophils and monocytes.
CXC chemokines
Promote mainly the migration and activation of neutrophils and naive T cells. Seven different receptors have been identified: CXCR1-7. Examples are: CXCL1 (Gro-α), CXCL8 (IL-8), CXCL9 (Mig), CXCL10 (IP-10), CXCL12 (SDF-1).
CC chemokines
Promote the migration of monocytes, activated T cells and other cell types, including eosinophils and dendritic cells. To date, 10 different receptors have been identified: CCR1-10. Examples are: CCL3 (MIP-1α), CCL4 (MIP-1β), CCL5 (RANTES), CCL11 (Eotaxin).
C chemokines
The only member of this group is XCL1 (lymphotactin), which promotes migration of T cells to the thymus. Receptor is XCR1.
CX3C chemokines
The only member of this group is CX3CL1 (fractalkine). It promotes monocytes and T cells. Receptor is CX3CR1.
IFNα
(leukocyte interferon, type I)
IFNβ
(fibroblast interferon, type I)
IFNω
(type I)
IFNγ
(immune interferon, type II).
The anti-viral effects of type I interferons include:
1)Direct inhibition of viral replication by activation of enzymes that degrade viral RNA.
2)Increased MHC class I expression and antigen presentation on all cells.
3)Activate NK cells to kill virus-infected cells.
Cytokines produced by Th1 cells and their major functions.
IL-2, IFN-gamma, TNF alpha and beta, IL-3, GM-CSF
IL-2
T cell proliferation and differentiation.
IFNγ
Activation of mononuclear phagocytes, increases MHC class I and class II expression (antigen-presentation capability is enhanced), activates endothelial cells, activates neutrophils and NK cells, anti-viral activity. Also induces class switch in B-lymphocytes to IgG2a.
TNFα, TNFβ
Activation of mononuclear phagocytes and other cells, cytotoxic effects
IL-3, GM-CSF
Growth factors for progenitor hemopoietic cells. Increase production of granulocytes and monocytes by bone marrow. Activate these cells.
Cytokines produced by Th2 cells
IL-4,5,6,10,13,3
GM-CSF
IL-4
Activation, proliferation and differentiation of B cells. Induces class switch to IgG1 and IgE. Growth factor for Th2 cells (less potent than IL-2). Growth of mast cells. Inhibits macrophage activation.
IL-5
Major eosinophil growth and differentiation factor. Increases IgA production.
IL-6
Pro-inflammatory effects. Increases antibody production by activated B cells.
IL-10
Inhibits cytokine release by macrophages, and Th1 cells.
IL-13
Many activities in common with IL-4. Inhibits macrophage activation
IL-3, GM-CSF
Many activities in common with IL-4. Inhibits macrophage activation
Cytokines produced by Th17 cells
IL-17,22,6
TNF alpha
IL-17
Pro-inflammatory cytokine. Induces production of many other pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF, IL-1, IL-6), chemokines and prostaglandins from many cell types (monocytes, neutrophils, fibroblasts, endothelial and epithelial cells).
IL-22
Pro-inflammatory and anti-bacterial activity. May also be involved in autoimmunity.
Cytokines produces by Treg cells
TGFbeta1 and IL-10
TGFbeta1
Controls proliferation, differentiation and other functions in many cell types. It has inhibitory effects on lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation.
IL-10
Inhibits cytokine release by macrophages, and Th1 cells.
CYTOKINES THAT MEDIATE HEMOPOIESIS AND DIFFERENTIATION OF IMMATURE CELLS.
IL-7,3
GM-CSF
G-CSF
M-CSF
G-CSF
M-CSF
Differentiation and activation of granulocytic and monocytic cells, respectively.
Hemopoietin
Differentiation of erythroid precursors. Production of erythrocytes.