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55 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What is in the renal cortex?
Peripheral portion contains renal corpuscles. Cortical tissue also found in medulla as renal colums.
1.What is a renal corpuscle?

2.What is another name for the renal corpuscle?
1. glomerulus (capillary bed with aff & eff arterioles).

2. Malpighian corpuscle.
How is the medulla divided?
Into an outer zone/medulla which itself is divided into inner & outer stripes, and also an inner zone/medulla.
Where is the medullary ray located? What does it contain?
In the cortex. It contains straight portions of proximal and dital tubules and their collecting duct.
1. What is uriniferous tubule?
2. What is a lobe?
3. What is a lobule?
1. nephron & collecting duct.
2. medullary pyramid & 1/2 cortex on either side.
3. medullary ray & " " " ".
Name the parts of a nephron.
bowman's capsule, proximal thick segment(cnvltd & strght), thin segment &distal thick (cnvltd & strght).
1. Name two types of nephrons.

2. Where are their renal corpuscles located?
1. Cortical (subcapsular) &juxtamedullary.
2. outer cortex & cortico- medullary junction respectivly
Describe loop of Henle & it's location for subcapsular nephron. For juxtamedullary nephron.
SN-loop is short and confined to cortex & outer medulla.
JN- loop is long and extends to inner medulla. urine [].
How does the renal artery branch after entering the renal hilus?
branches into interlobar arteries, which bifurcate at corticomedullary junction into arcuate artery which give interlobular which give afferent arterioles.
1.Interlobar arteries run..?
2.Arcuate arteries run..?
3.InterlobULar arteries run..?
4.Afferent arterioles run..?
1. b/w medullary pyramids.
2. b/w cortex &base of pyramid
3.radially b/w medullary rays
4. into glomerulus
How are efferent arterioles different from afferent?
Efferent drain the glomerulus, have a smaller diameter and maintain the filtration pressure.
How do efferent artierioles course from subcapsular glomeruli?
In SG they make peritubular capillary networks around tubules in cortex and drain into arcuate viens.
How do efferent artierioles course from juxtamedullary glomeruli?
In JG they form vasae rectae ARTERIAE which make hairpin turns & ascend as VENOUS vasae rectae draining into arcuate viens.
1. What does the renal corpuscle do?
2. What type of capillary does the glomerulus contain?
1. Provides filtration of plasma from glomerula capllry.
2. Fenestrated endothelium w/ open fenestrae (no diaphragms)
1.Describe parietal/capsular layer of Bowman's capsule.
2. Decribe visceral layer of Bowman's capsule.
1. Simple squamous epithelium.
2. Podocytes w/ interdigitat-ing pedicels separated by slit pore w/ slit membranes.
1. What makes up the filtration barrier?
2. What makes the glomerular basement membrane?
1. The glomerular endothelium w/ open fenestrae & glomerular basement membrane.
2. Fused basal laminae of podocytes & endothelial cells
1. What protiens make up the glomerular basement membrane?
2. This flter limits passage of molecules larger than__kD.
1. type IV collagen, heparin sulfate, laminin & fibronectin
2. 70 kD
1. The negative charge of heparan sulfate does what?
2. glomerular disease can be caused by defect in what?
1. Limits movement of negatively charged particles.
2. Type IV collagem
Aside from heparan sulfate, what also limits passage of negatively charged molecules into filtrate?
The polyanionic glycocalyx of podocytes as well as the slit membranes that span their pedicels. (visceral Bowman's layer).
1. What other cells is associated w/ renal corpuscle?
2. Where is it found?
1. Mesangial cell
2. w/in stalk of capillary tuft (intraglomerular mesangium) as well as at a vascular pole (extraglomerular mesangium).
1. What is a mesangial cell?

2. Where is it derived from?
1. specialized contractile, pericyte like cell.
2. Smooth muscle cells (NOT momocytes!)
What do mesangial cells do?
Maintain basement membrane via phagocytosis, regulate blood flow thru glomeruluis, secrete interluekin-1 and secrete platelet deived growth factor.
1. What does the proximal tubule function to do?
1. recovers 2/3 of filtrate H2O,ions glucose amino acids and small protiens. Na+ is active transport, Cl- passive.
1. How does H2O cross proximal tubule?
2.What else does proximal tubule secrete?
1.Follow ions via para &trans-cellular route aided by aquaporin-1 channels.
2.creatine, dyes & drugs
What type of epithelium covers proximal tubule?
simple cuboidal, well develope brush border (microvilli), which contain peptidases.Has basal striations and lateral interdigitating folds of plasma membrane.
What is an EM characteristic of cells that make up the proxinal tubule?
Have prominent endocytic apparatus with pinocytic vesciles, vacuoles and lysosymes for intracellular degradation.
1. What structure is the proximal tubule close to?
2. How does this structure differ from the glomerulus?
1. peritubular capillaries
2. these capillaries have typical fenestrations w/ diaphragams & Glomerls doesn't
1. What is the epithelium of the thin limb?
2. Forms what?
1. simple squamous epithelium close to vasa rectae.
2. part of loop of Henle along w/ thick limbs.
How does ascending portion of limb contribute to coutercurrent multiplier system?
impermeable to water, but has a Na+,K+,ATOase pump which increases osmotic gradient in interstitium.
1. What is the epithelium of the distal tubule?
2. endocytic activity?
1. simple cuboidal w/ few short microvilli. NO brush border!!
2. very little!
How are distal tubules similar to proximal tubules?
Both have lateral interdigitations, basal straitions and reabsorb Na+ actively.
How do distal tubules differ from proximal tubules?
For distal tubules plasma folds are heavily associated w/ mitochondria. Reabsorbtion of Na+ is under control of aldosterone. Active reabsorbtion of HCO3- and secretion of K+ and H+ occurs.
What are the regions of the distal tubule?
The straight part has proximity to vasa rectae; the convoluted part has proximity to peritubular capillaries.
What and where is the Macula densa?
A group of tall narrow cells in wall of distal tubule contacting aff & eff arteri-oles. Part of juxtaglomerular apparatus.
1. What does Macula densa do?
2. Where do cells of Macula densa release their secretions?
1.Respond to reduction in Na+ contenet of filtraet and to lowered blood pressure.
2. basal surface
1. What do the cells of the macula densa secrete?
1. ATP, adenosine, nitric oxide & prostaglandins
1. What r juxtaglomerular cells?
2. What do they produce?
1modified smooth muscle cells (myoepitheliod)in the walls of arterioles. Part of JG apparatus.
2.renin (a protease)
1. What does renin do?
2. What does angiotensin II do?
3. What does aldosterone do?
1. converts angiotesinogen to angiotensin 1, which is later converted to 2 in lung by ACE.
2.vasoconstrictor. Stimulates production of aldosterone from adrenal cortex.
3. acts on distal convoluted tubule to increase Na+ absorption.
What is the last component of the JG apparatus? Their function?
Extraglomerular mesangium cells which are continuous w/ intraglomerular mesangium. Function is unknown.
What is the path from collecting tubules to minor calyces?
arched collecting tubule-> straight collecting ducts-> fuse to papillary ducts->apex of paipilla->area cribrosa-> minor calyx.
What are the cells lining the collecting ducts?
Light (principal) cells, and dark (intercalated) cells; smaller ducts are cuboidal larger ones are columar.
1. What do Light/principal cells do?
2. What do Dark/intercalated cells do?
1.reabsorb Na+, secrete K+ respond to ADH (regulates insertion of aquaporin-2)
2.reabsorb K+, secret H+ or HCO3- (regulates acid base balance).
What type of endocrine funtion to the interstitial cells of the renal cortex and medulla have?
endocrine-like cells produce erythropoietin, hydroxylation of vitamin D precursir to hormonally active form.
1.Calyces, pelvis, ureter and bladder have __ epithelium?
2. Other layers include...?
1. Transitionalepithelium and dense lamina propia.
2.muscularis, inner longitudinal, outer circular, outer longitudinal and adventitia.
Mapp out blood supply & return in adrenal gland from cortex to medulla.( Recall that there are NO VEINS in adrnal cortex!!!!!!!! )
capsular arteries->cortical capillaries->medullary arterioles-> thin walled venous blood supply medulla. (cortical capillaries hormone rich. medullary arteries O2 rich)
1. Where is the Zona glomerulosa?
2. What does it do?
1.outer zone of adrenal cortex (10-15%)
2. aldosterone a mineralocorticoid that increases absorption of Na+. region is independent of ACTH. Cells can take up cholesterol in LDL by receptor mediated endocytosis.
Give histology/morphology of Zona glomerulosa
Growing hormone shuttles b/w smooth ER and mitochondria. mitochindria have CONVENTIONAL cristae! Some lipid droplets in cytoplasm. Rounded clumps of cells close to fenestrated capillaries.
1. Where is the Zona fasciculata?
2.What does it do?
1. Middle zone of adrenal cortex (60-80%).
2.produce glucocorticoids, mainly cortisol, which supress metabolism and inflammatory response. ATCH dependent.
Give histology/morphology of Zona fasciculata
Contain numerous lipid droplets, mitochondria have tubulovesicular cristae and much sER. Cells oragnize into radial cords or columns.
1. Where is the Zona reticularis?
2.What does it do?
1. inner zone (5-7%) of adrenal cortex.
2. Produce gonadocorticoids, mostly dehydroepiandrosterone, some cortisol. ATCH dependent
Give histology/morphology of Zona reticularis
anastomosing network of smaller,darker cells. feweest lipd droplets, more lipofuscin.
Describe cells of Adrenal medulla
polyhedral cells surrounded by capikkaries and cortical veins. They are modified post-ganglionic nuerons.Part of chromaffin system of cells.
1.What does Adrenal medulla produce?
2. What enzyme do the cells contain?
1. Separate cell population produce (80%)Eph or Neph(20%).
2. Contain PMNT whcih converts Neph to Eph.
How is the activity of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase enhanced?
by glucocorticoids from venous drainage of Zona F. Gluccocorticoids are also thought to axon formation of adrenal medullary cells during development.
Describe the connective tissue of the Adrenal gland?
a delicate CT in the capsule and extending into the cortex as trabeculae. There are many reticular fibers.