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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is in the renal cortex?
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Peripheral portion contains renal corpuscles. Cortical tissue also found in medulla as renal colums.
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1.What is a renal corpuscle?
2.What is another name for the renal corpuscle? |
1. glomerulus (capillary bed with aff & eff arterioles).
2. Malpighian corpuscle. |
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How is the medulla divided?
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Into an outer zone/medulla which itself is divided into inner & outer stripes, and also an inner zone/medulla.
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Where is the medullary ray located? What does it contain?
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In the cortex. It contains straight portions of proximal and dital tubules and their collecting duct.
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1. What is uriniferous tubule?
2. What is a lobe? 3. What is a lobule? |
1. nephron & collecting duct.
2. medullary pyramid & 1/2 cortex on either side. 3. medullary ray & " " " ". |
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Name the parts of a nephron.
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bowman's capsule, proximal thick segment(cnvltd & strght), thin segment &distal thick (cnvltd & strght).
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1. Name two types of nephrons.
2. Where are their renal corpuscles located? |
1. Cortical (subcapsular) &juxtamedullary.
2. outer cortex & cortico- medullary junction respectivly |
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Describe loop of Henle & it's location for subcapsular nephron. For juxtamedullary nephron.
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SN-loop is short and confined to cortex & outer medulla.
JN- loop is long and extends to inner medulla. urine []. |
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How does the renal artery branch after entering the renal hilus?
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branches into interlobar arteries, which bifurcate at corticomedullary junction into arcuate artery which give interlobular which give afferent arterioles.
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1.Interlobar arteries run..?
2.Arcuate arteries run..? 3.InterlobULar arteries run..? 4.Afferent arterioles run..? |
1. b/w medullary pyramids.
2. b/w cortex &base of pyramid 3.radially b/w medullary rays 4. into glomerulus |
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How are efferent arterioles different from afferent?
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Efferent drain the glomerulus, have a smaller diameter and maintain the filtration pressure.
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How do efferent artierioles course from subcapsular glomeruli?
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In SG they make peritubular capillary networks around tubules in cortex and drain into arcuate viens.
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How do efferent artierioles course from juxtamedullary glomeruli?
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In JG they form vasae rectae ARTERIAE which make hairpin turns & ascend as VENOUS vasae rectae draining into arcuate viens.
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1. What does the renal corpuscle do?
2. What type of capillary does the glomerulus contain? |
1. Provides filtration of plasma from glomerula capllry.
2. Fenestrated endothelium w/ open fenestrae (no diaphragms) |
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1.Describe parietal/capsular layer of Bowman's capsule.
2. Decribe visceral layer of Bowman's capsule. |
1. Simple squamous epithelium.
2. Podocytes w/ interdigitat-ing pedicels separated by slit pore w/ slit membranes. |
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1. What makes up the filtration barrier?
2. What makes the glomerular basement membrane? |
1. The glomerular endothelium w/ open fenestrae & glomerular basement membrane.
2. Fused basal laminae of podocytes & endothelial cells |
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1. What protiens make up the glomerular basement membrane?
2. This flter limits passage of molecules larger than__kD. |
1. type IV collagen, heparin sulfate, laminin & fibronectin
2. 70 kD |
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1. The negative charge of heparan sulfate does what?
2. glomerular disease can be caused by defect in what? |
1. Limits movement of negatively charged particles.
2. Type IV collagem |
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Aside from heparan sulfate, what also limits passage of negatively charged molecules into filtrate?
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The polyanionic glycocalyx of podocytes as well as the slit membranes that span their pedicels. (visceral Bowman's layer).
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1. What other cells is associated w/ renal corpuscle?
2. Where is it found? |
1. Mesangial cell
2. w/in stalk of capillary tuft (intraglomerular mesangium) as well as at a vascular pole (extraglomerular mesangium). |
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1. What is a mesangial cell?
2. Where is it derived from? |
1. specialized contractile, pericyte like cell.
2. Smooth muscle cells (NOT momocytes!) |
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What do mesangial cells do?
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Maintain basement membrane via phagocytosis, regulate blood flow thru glomeruluis, secrete interluekin-1 and secrete platelet deived growth factor.
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1. What does the proximal tubule function to do?
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1. recovers 2/3 of filtrate H2O,ions glucose amino acids and small protiens. Na+ is active transport, Cl- passive.
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1. How does H2O cross proximal tubule?
2.What else does proximal tubule secrete? |
1.Follow ions via para &trans-cellular route aided by aquaporin-1 channels.
2.creatine, dyes & drugs |
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What type of epithelium covers proximal tubule?
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simple cuboidal, well develope brush border (microvilli), which contain peptidases.Has basal striations and lateral interdigitating folds of plasma membrane.
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What is an EM characteristic of cells that make up the proxinal tubule?
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Have prominent endocytic apparatus with pinocytic vesciles, vacuoles and lysosymes for intracellular degradation.
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1. What structure is the proximal tubule close to?
2. How does this structure differ from the glomerulus? |
1. peritubular capillaries
2. these capillaries have typical fenestrations w/ diaphragams & Glomerls doesn't |
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1. What is the epithelium of the thin limb?
2. Forms what? |
1. simple squamous epithelium close to vasa rectae.
2. part of loop of Henle along w/ thick limbs. |
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How does ascending portion of limb contribute to coutercurrent multiplier system?
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impermeable to water, but has a Na+,K+,ATOase pump which increases osmotic gradient in interstitium.
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1. What is the epithelium of the distal tubule?
2. endocytic activity? |
1. simple cuboidal w/ few short microvilli. NO brush border!!
2. very little! |
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How are distal tubules similar to proximal tubules?
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Both have lateral interdigitations, basal straitions and reabsorb Na+ actively.
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How do distal tubules differ from proximal tubules?
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For distal tubules plasma folds are heavily associated w/ mitochondria. Reabsorbtion of Na+ is under control of aldosterone. Active reabsorbtion of HCO3- and secretion of K+ and H+ occurs.
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What are the regions of the distal tubule?
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The straight part has proximity to vasa rectae; the convoluted part has proximity to peritubular capillaries.
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What and where is the Macula densa?
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A group of tall narrow cells in wall of distal tubule contacting aff & eff arteri-oles. Part of juxtaglomerular apparatus.
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1. What does Macula densa do?
2. Where do cells of Macula densa release their secretions? |
1.Respond to reduction in Na+ contenet of filtraet and to lowered blood pressure.
2. basal surface |
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1. What do the cells of the macula densa secrete?
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1. ATP, adenosine, nitric oxide & prostaglandins
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1. What r juxtaglomerular cells?
2. What do they produce? |
1modified smooth muscle cells (myoepitheliod)in the walls of arterioles. Part of JG apparatus.
2.renin (a protease) |
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1. What does renin do?
2. What does angiotensin II do? 3. What does aldosterone do? |
1. converts angiotesinogen to angiotensin 1, which is later converted to 2 in lung by ACE.
2.vasoconstrictor. Stimulates production of aldosterone from adrenal cortex. 3. acts on distal convoluted tubule to increase Na+ absorption. |
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What is the last component of the JG apparatus? Their function?
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Extraglomerular mesangium cells which are continuous w/ intraglomerular mesangium. Function is unknown.
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What is the path from collecting tubules to minor calyces?
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arched collecting tubule-> straight collecting ducts-> fuse to papillary ducts->apex of paipilla->area cribrosa-> minor calyx.
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What are the cells lining the collecting ducts?
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Light (principal) cells, and dark (intercalated) cells; smaller ducts are cuboidal larger ones are columar.
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1. What do Light/principal cells do?
2. What do Dark/intercalated cells do? |
1.reabsorb Na+, secrete K+ respond to ADH (regulates insertion of aquaporin-2)
2.reabsorb K+, secret H+ or HCO3- (regulates acid base balance). |
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What type of endocrine funtion to the interstitial cells of the renal cortex and medulla have?
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endocrine-like cells produce erythropoietin, hydroxylation of vitamin D precursir to hormonally active form.
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1.Calyces, pelvis, ureter and bladder have __ epithelium?
2. Other layers include...? |
1. Transitionalepithelium and dense lamina propia.
2.muscularis, inner longitudinal, outer circular, outer longitudinal and adventitia. |
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Mapp out blood supply & return in adrenal gland from cortex to medulla.( Recall that there are NO VEINS in adrnal cortex!!!!!!!! )
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capsular arteries->cortical capillaries->medullary arterioles-> thin walled venous blood supply medulla. (cortical capillaries hormone rich. medullary arteries O2 rich)
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1. Where is the Zona glomerulosa?
2. What does it do? |
1.outer zone of adrenal cortex (10-15%)
2. aldosterone a mineralocorticoid that increases absorption of Na+. region is independent of ACTH. Cells can take up cholesterol in LDL by receptor mediated endocytosis. |
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Give histology/morphology of Zona glomerulosa
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Growing hormone shuttles b/w smooth ER and mitochondria. mitochindria have CONVENTIONAL cristae! Some lipid droplets in cytoplasm. Rounded clumps of cells close to fenestrated capillaries.
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1. Where is the Zona fasciculata?
2.What does it do? |
1. Middle zone of adrenal cortex (60-80%).
2.produce glucocorticoids, mainly cortisol, which supress metabolism and inflammatory response. ATCH dependent. |
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Give histology/morphology of Zona fasciculata
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Contain numerous lipid droplets, mitochondria have tubulovesicular cristae and much sER. Cells oragnize into radial cords or columns.
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1. Where is the Zona reticularis?
2.What does it do? |
1. inner zone (5-7%) of adrenal cortex.
2. Produce gonadocorticoids, mostly dehydroepiandrosterone, some cortisol. ATCH dependent |
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Give histology/morphology of Zona reticularis
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anastomosing network of smaller,darker cells. feweest lipd droplets, more lipofuscin.
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Describe cells of Adrenal medulla
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polyhedral cells surrounded by capikkaries and cortical veins. They are modified post-ganglionic nuerons.Part of chromaffin system of cells.
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1.What does Adrenal medulla produce?
2. What enzyme do the cells contain? |
1. Separate cell population produce (80%)Eph or Neph(20%).
2. Contain PMNT whcih converts Neph to Eph. |
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How is the activity of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase enhanced?
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by glucocorticoids from venous drainage of Zona F. Gluccocorticoids are also thought to axon formation of adrenal medullary cells during development.
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Describe the connective tissue of the Adrenal gland?
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a delicate CT in the capsule and extending into the cortex as trabeculae. There are many reticular fibers.
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