Dr. Carters Anatomy The Back

Front 1

What region of the body has the thickest skin?

Back 1

the back

Front 2

what on the back contain cutaneous nerves?

Back 2

sweat glands, sebaceous glands, nails and hair

Front 3

What all do the cutaneous nerves do?

Back 3

Stimulate glandular secretions, control blood vessel diameter and contraction of erector pili muscles

Front 4

involuntary actions come from what system?

Back 4

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

Front 5

What spinous processes are palpable?

Back 5

C7, T1-T12, L1-L5

Front 6

What does fascia mean?

Back 6

Band

Front 7

What is fascia composed of?

Back 7

Connective tissue with its vessels and nerves

Front 8

Fascia's physical properties include what?

Back 8

Elasticity and mobility

Front 9

Adipose tissues provides what?

Back 9

insulation against cold temperatures

Front 10

The amount of fat is dependent upon what?

Back 10

Nutritional status, age and secondary sexual characteristics

Front 11

The deep layer of fascia does what?

Back 11

Surrounds individual muscles, provides packing material between muscles, provides a channel for vessels and nerves and the amount and type of connective tissue determines mobility of organs

Front 12

Thoracolumbar fascia surrounds what?

Back 12

surrounds the intrinsic (true) back muscles

Front 13

The Thoracolumbar fascia is prominent in what area?

Back 13

The lumbar region

Front 14

The Thoracolumbar fascia is derived from what?

Back 14

The aponeuroses of the Latissimus dorsi, Internal abdominal oblique, and transverse abdominis

Front 15

Why are they called true back muscles?

Back 15

Cause they are responsible for moving the spine

Front 16

What is an aponeuroses?

Back 16

A muscle tendon that is similar to a flat sheet of paper

Front 17

what muscles comprise the superficial layer?

Back 17

Trapezius and Latissimus Dorsi

Front 18

Trapezius

Back 18

attached to the spine of the scapula and clavicle (lateral 1/3)

Front 19

latissimus Dorsi

Back 19

Attached to humerous

Front 20

What muscles comprises the middle layer of the back?

Back 20

Rhomboideus major and minor, Levator scapulae, Serratus posterior superior, Serratus posterior inferior and Splenius capitis and splenius cervicis

Front 21

Rhomboideus major and minor

Back 21

retract the scapula

Front 22

Levator Scapulae

Back 22

elevates the scapula

Front 23

Name the origin, insertion, innervation and action of the Trapezius

Back 23

Origin: Arises from the external occipital protuberance and superior nuchal line, ligamentum nuchae and spinous processes C7-T12
Insertion: uppermost fibers insert on distal 1/3 of clavicle; middle fibers insert on acromion; lower fibers insert on the entire spine of the scapula
Innervation: CN XI (spinal accessory nerve) joined by motor branches from C3 and C4
Actions: As a whole, it retracts the scapula. Superior fibers pull upward on lateral angle and the inferior fibers pull downward on the base of the spine; rotating the glenoid cavitity upward; this movement normally accompanies abduction of the arm. Middle fibers are involved in upward rotation and in preventing sagging of the lateral angle (glenoid cavity) of the scapula

Front 24

Latissimus Dorsi-origins, insertions and actions and innervations

Back 24

Origin: spinous processes of T7-S1, posterior part of the iliac crest, ribs 9-12 by muscular slips that interdigitate with slips or origin for the external abdominal oblique.
Insertion-onto crest of the lesser tubercle of the humerous
Innervation: Thoracodorsal nerve (C6-C8), a motor branch of the posterior cord of the brachial plexus.
Actions: combined movements of adduction, medial rotation and extension of the arm, as in a swimming stroke. Inferior fibers prevent upward displacement of shoulder when weight of body tends to produce this action (i.e., when someone hangs by his arm or uses a crutch)

Front 25

Levator Scapulae-origins, insertion, innervations and actions

Back 25

Origin: Posterior tubercles of transverse processes of C1-C3 (C4); Insertion-superior angle and medial border of scapula as far as the base (medial edge) of the spine; innervation-dorsal scapular nerve (C5); actions: elevates medial angle of scapula

Front 26

Rhomboideus minor-origins, insertion, innervations and actions

Back 26

Origin: lower part of ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of C7-T1; insertion: medial border of scapula at base of spine; innervation: dorsal scapular nerve; actions-elevates medial border and retracts scapula

Front 27

Rhomboideus major-origins, insertion, innervations and actions

Back 27

Origin-spinous processes of T2-T5; insertion-medial border of scapula inferior to base of spine; innervation: dorsal scapular nerve; actions: elevates medial border and retracts scapula

Front 28

Serratus anterior-origin, insertion, innervation and actions

Back 28

Origin-lateral surface of ribs 1-9 via 9 different muscle slips;
Insertion: medial border of scapula, anterior to rhomboidei major muscle
Innervation: long thoracic nerve (C5-C7)
Actions: Protracts (draws forward) scapula holding medial border firmly against thoracic wall. If, during protraction, the inferior angle moves forward faster than the remainder of the medial border, the scapula is upwardly rotated. This upward rotation is the most important action of this muscle. The serratus anterior is normally aided by fibers of the trapezius that lift the lateral angle of scapula.

Front 29

Physical trauma to long thoracic nerve can cause what?

Back 29

Winging of scapula. Just remember the injury of nerves C5, C6, and C7 you "wing" to heaven

Front 30

In a healthy adult how much can a nerve stretch up to?

Back 30

Up to 20% past original length. you can damage nerve if you over stretch it
Anytime you raise your arm above 90 degrees you are stretching the lateral thoracic nerve. Any sport with shoulder flexion above 90 degrees has potential to pull nerve

Front 31

Deltoid-origin, insertion, innervation and actions

Back 31

Origin-lateral 1/3 of clavicle, acromion and spine of scapula (same as insertion of trapezius)
Insertion: deltoid tuberosity on body of humerous
Innervation-axillary nerve (C5-C6)
Actions: anterior flex and medially rotate arm, middle fibers abduct the arm, and the posterior fibers extend and laterally rotate the arm. The deltoid probably does not participate in rotation when only rotation is desired. If all fibers contract together you get abduction

Front 32

What is a fossa?

Back 32

3 dimensional cavity

Front 33

The rotator cuff surrounds what?

Back 33

The head of the humerous

Front 34

What rotator cuff is most commonly injured in older people?

Back 34

Supraspinatus muscle

Front 35

What are the origins, insertions, innervation and actions of the supraspinatus muscle?

Back 35

Origin-Supraspinatus fossa and from fascia covering the same muscle
Insertion: uppermost of the three facets of the greater tubercle of the humerous. Tendon of insertions forms the uppermost part of the rotator cuff of the shoulder.
Innervation: suprascapular nerve (C5-C6)
Actions-Abduction of arm; with the arm by the side, it becomes particularly active in supporting the arm against a downward pull.

Front 36

what rotator cuff muscle initiates abduction?

Back 36

Supraspinatus

Front 37

Infraspinatus-origin, insertion, innervation and action

Back 37

Origin-infraspinatus fossa and from the fascia covering the same muscle
Insertion-middle facet on the greater tubercle of the humerous; forms middle part of rotator cuff
Innervation-suprascapular nerve
Actions-lateral rotation of arm

Front 38

when there is tension in the tendon what happens to the blood supply to the tendon?

Back 38

It vasoconstricts

Front 39

What does teres mean?

Back 39

Round

Front 40

What is the syndrome where the tendon of the supraspinatus is pinched?

Back 40

Supraspinatus Impingement Syndrome

Front 41

What are the different type of Supraspinatus impingement syndrome?

Back 41

Type I (normal)
Type II (Subacromial space is compromised)
Type III (Blood supply is compromised and the tendon degenerates much more quickly. Tendon becomes inpinged and can break)

Front 42

Teres minor-origins, insertions, innervations and actions

Back 42

Origin-middle 1/2 of lateral border of scapula
Insertion-Lowest facet on the greater tubercle of the humerous; forms lowest part of rotator cuff
Innervation: axillary nerve (same as deltoid)
Actions: lateral rotation of arm (primary action); also a weak adductor of the arm.

Front 43

Teres major-origin, insertion, innervation and actions

Back 43

Origin-lower 1/3 of lateral border of scapula
insertion-passes around medial side of humerous with latissimus dorsi to attach to the crest of the lesser tubercle of the humerous
Innervation-lower subscapular nerve (C5-C6)
Actions: adduction, medial rotation and extension of arm. Apparently acts only when these movements are resisted

Front 44

What muscle is most likely to become torn in younger and more healthy person?

Back 44

Subscapularis

Front 45

Subscapularis-origin, insertions, innervations and actions

Back 45

Origin-costal surface of scapula (sub scapular fossa)
Insertion-Tendon passes across front of shoulder joint, forming anterior part of rotator cuff, to insert into the lesser tubercle of humerous and its crest
Innervation: upper and lower subscapular nerve
Actions-medial rotation of arm

Front 46

What are the boundaries of the Quadrangular space?

Back 46

Superior border-lateral border of scapula and capsule of shoulder joints
Lateral border-surgical neck of humerous
Inferior border-teres major muscle
medial border-long head of triceps brachii muscle

Front 47

What is contained in the quadrangular space?

Back 47

Axillary nerve and posterior humeral circumflex artery and vein

Front 48

where does the transverse cervical artery and the suprascapular artery arise from?

Back 48

The neck

Front 49

The transverse cervical artery and suprascapular artery are a branch from what?

Back 49

The thyrocervical trunk

Front 50

What does the transverse cervical artery supply?

Back 50

Supplies the levator scapulae, trapezius and rhomboidei muscles

Front 51

What does the Suprascapular artery supply?

Back 51

Supplies supraspinatus and infraspinatus. Anastomoses with deep branch of transverse cervical artery and with circumflex scapular branch of subscapular nerve

Front 52

Name the 4 arteries arising in the axilla?

Back 52

Deltoid branch of thoracoacromial trunk, lateral thoracic, subscapular artery(Thoracodorsal and circumflex scapular artery) and the posterior humeral circumflex artery

Front 53

The Deltoid branch of thoracoacromial trunck supplies what muscle?

Back 53

Deltoid muscle

Front 54

What muscle does the lateral thoracic artery supply?

Back 54

Serratus anterior muscle

Front 55

What are the two branches of the subscapular artery?

Back 55

Thoracodorsal and circumflex scapular

Front 56

What muscles do the thoracodorsal artery supply?

Back 56

Subscapularis, teres major, latissimus dorsi, and serratus anterior muscle

Front 57

What muscle does the Circumflex scapular artery supply?

Back 57

Infraspinatus

Front 58

what is an anastomosis?

Back 58

a connection between two arteries so that they become one

Front 59

The suprascapular artery anastomoses with what?

Back 59

The subscapular artery

Front 60

What muscle do the posterior humeral circumflex artery supply?

Back 60

Deltoid muscle

Front 61

What does the anterior humeral circumflex artery anastomeses with?

Back 61

The posterior humeral circumflex artery

Front 62

Deep lymphatic vessels of the shoulder drain where?

Back 62

Into the axillary lymph nodes

Front 63

The external occipital protuberance is also known as what?

Back 63

The inion and the bump of knowledge

Front 64

What muscles attach to the PSIS?

Back 64

No muscles do

Front 65

State the numbers of vertebrae in the vertebral column

Back 65

7 cervical vertebrae
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 fused sacral
1 coccyx

Front 66

What part of the vertebrae is weight bearing?

Back 66

The body

Front 67

What is formed when the pedicles and lamina meet?

Back 67

The transverse process

Front 68

What is the intervertebral disc composed of?

Back 68

Fibrocartilage (annulus fibrosis and nucleous pulposis)

Front 69

The intervertebral foramen transmits what?

Back 69

Spinal nerve of the corresponding spinal cord segment

Front 70

Collectively, the vertebral foramen make up what?

Back 70

The vertebral canal

Front 71

Where would a physician insert a needle in the back to obtain a sample of CSF (cerebral spinal fluid)?

Back 71

below the level of L2 vertebrae where the adult spinal cord ends

Front 72

Where does the spinal cord end in a young child?

Back 72

L3

Front 73

If you draw an imaginary line between the higest points of the illiac crest where would you be?

Back 73

This line crosses at the level of the 4th lumbar spine

Front 74

The lateral fibers of the latissimus dorsi interdigitate with the fibers of what muscle?

Back 74

External abdominal oblique

Front 75

what muscles are acessory respiratory muscles?

Back 75

serratus posterior superior and serratus posterior inferior

Front 76

What is deep to the semispinalis capitis?

Back 76

The sub-occipital region

Front 77

What muscle does the Greater occipital nerve pass through?

Back 77

The semispinalis capitis muscle

Front 78

What are the three erector spinae muscles?

Back 78

Iliocostalis, longissimus and spinalis

Front 79

What muscles are deep to the erector spinalis muscles?

Back 79

Transversospinalis muscles

Front 80

What is a dermatome?

Back 80

an area of skin supplied by a sensory nerve associated with one spinal nerve

Front 81

The back cutaneous nerves are branches of what?

Back 81

Dorsal primary rami of spinal nerves

Front 82

The triangle of asculatation is used for what purpose?

Back 82

for listening for sounds produced by thoracic viscera because its free of overlaying muscle

Front 83

What are the borderies of the triangle of asculation?

Back 83

(LRT) Latissimus Dorsi
Rhomboid major
Trapezius
6th intercostal space

Front 84

What can be the sight of a lumbar hernia?

Back 84

The Lumbar triangle

Front 85

What are the borders of the Lumbar Triangle?

Back 85

(LIE)
Latissimus Dorsi
Iliac Crest
External abdominal oblique

Front 86

When dissecting the cadaver what should your lab buddy do in order to preserve the blood and nerve supply of the Trapezius?

Back 86

Push the shoulder backward. This will relax the trapezius

Front 87

The Thoracolumbar fascia covers the deep muscles of the back up to what Spinous processes?

Back 87

T6 or T7

Front 88

The Splenius muscles wrap around what?

Back 88

Deep muscles of the neck

Front 89

If only one splenius muscle contracts what happens?

Back 89

The head moves back and the face turns to the same side

Front 90

What happens if both Splenius muscles contract at the same time?

Back 90

The neck is extended

Front 91

The Serratus Poster superior and inferior muscles do what to the thorax?

Back 91

They increase the volume of thorax during deep breathing

Front 92

The greater occipital nerve arises from what?

Back 92

Dorsal primary ramus of C2

Front 93

What muscle does the greater occipital nerve pass through?

Back 93

Semispinalis capitis muscle

Front 94

The greater occipital nerve does what?

Back 94

Sensory to the scalp in the occipital region