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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Lactic Acid and where does it come from?
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a. Byproduct of anaerobic glycolysis.
b. mainly used by kidney and liver |
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Why was lactic acid a problem for Lopa Fusor?
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Caused metabolic and respiratory acidosis
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Why was lactic acid a problem for Otto Shape?
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Caused muscle pain and production
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Why was lactic acid a problem for Ivan Applebod?
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Caused tooth decay
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What is Lactic Acid and where does it come from?
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a. Byproduct of anaerobic glycolysis.
b. mainly used by kidney and liver |
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Why was lactic acid a problem for Lopa Fusor?
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Caused metabolic and respiratory acidosis
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Why was lactic acid a problem for Otto Shape?
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Caused muscle pain and production
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Why was lactic acid a problem for Ivan Applebod?
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Caused tooth decay
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How was Lopa Fusor Stabalized?
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IV fluid and then a blood transfussion.
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What could Otto Shape have done to prevent his muscle pain and cramping?
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a. Bicarb loading within 3 hours of the sprints.
b. Increase O2 delivery by blood doping, EPO, or training at high altitude |
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What is glucose?
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Monosaccharide used by all living things.
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Why is glucose an essential nutrient for humans?
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The brain can only use glucose.
Insufficient glucose leads to severe ketosis. |
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What tissues or cells can only use glucose as a source of energy?
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White blood cells, red blood cells, renal medulla, retina, lens, peripheral nerves, testes, sperm cells, placenta, and the fetus
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What is glycolysis?
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Breakdown of glucose to form ATP and pyruvate
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Location of glycolysis?
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All cells can perform glycolysis
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Where does glucose come from?
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a. Intestinal absorption
b. Glycogen breakdown (liver) c. Biosysnthesis (only released from kidney and liver) |
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Where is glucose burned?
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a. Most by brain and muscle (2/3)
b. Glycogen storage c. RBC's very little |
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What 4 tissues use large amounts of glucose each day?
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a. Liver
b. Adipose c. Skeletal Muscle d. Brain |
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What does the liver do with glucose?
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a. Processes and distributes incoming nutrients
b. Maintains constant concentrations of nutrients in the blood c. Synthesizes and secretes plasma proteins d. Forms certain excretory products |
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What happens to the glucose in adipose tissue?
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a. Maintainer
b. Stores triglycerides and fatty acids and glycerol as signaled by epinephrine/glucagon c. High turnover (~300g per day) |
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*When do symptoms of hypoglycemia start to appear?
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60 mg/dl
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How is glucose controlled?
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By hormones
decrease-insulin increase-glucagon, epinepherine, GH, cortisol |
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At what time after a meal is Gluconeogenesis the chief source of blood glucose; liver glycogen is gone and gluconeogenesis begins
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10-16 hours
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What time after a meal do you have an exogenous sources of glucose?
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1 hour
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What time after a meal do glycogen and gluconeogenesis supply blood glucose, liver stops using glucose, other tissue spare glucose for the brain; and the liver puts glucose into the blood?
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2-3 hours
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What time after a meal does renal gluconeogenesis becomes key as the size of the liver decreases and only the brain, RBCs, and renal medulla use glucose; the brain begins using ketone bodies?
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3-5 day
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At what timeframe does the brain uses primarily ketone bodies, sparing the skeletal muscle
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1 week or more with no food
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How do we get glucose into cells?
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a. Facilitated Diffusion (via GLUT 1,2,3,4,5)
b. Na+ transport (if [Glucose] is greater in the blood) |
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What is diabetes?
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Chronic High Blood Glucose
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How prevalent is diabetes in the U.S.?
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More than 6% of the population
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What tissues can be damaged by diabetes?
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the eyes and the kidneys, and causes low blood pressure, leading to decreased blood flow to peripheral tissues and slow wound healing
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Why does diabetes damage human tissues?
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It can glycalate proteins and cause them to have altered function or cause receptor mediated cytokine effects, or it can create sorbitol and have osmotic effects on tissues
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How is glucose trapped in cells?
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Cells trap glucose by phosphorylating the end
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What is needed to get trapped glucose untrapped?
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Glucose-6-phosphotase
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What are the 5 different possible metabolic fates for glucose-6-phosphate in the liver?
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a. Released as blood glucose (most tissues not just liver)
b. Glycolysis c. Pentose Phosphate Pathway d.Glycogen synthesis e. GAGs |
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Net yield for anaerobic glycolysis?
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2 ATP
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First phase of glycolysis? Investment and process.
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Investment: 2 ATP
G-6P is split to make 2 GTP |
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Second phase of glycolysis? Product and process.
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GTP is converted to pyruvate.
4 ATP produced Sidenote: you get 2 GTP from the previous step. |
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Where is 2,3-Bisphophoglycerate formed? Why is that important?
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a. RBC
b. Important bc it takes O2 off of hemoglobin. |
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What enzyme in glycolysis forms lactate?
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Lactate Dehydrogenase
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3 enzymes needed to process fructose?
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Fructokinase
Fructose 1-phosphate Aldolase Triosekinase |
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What does fructokinase do?
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converts fructose to fructose 1 phosphate
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What does fructose 1-phosphate aldolase do?
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converts fructose 1 phosphate to DHAP and Glyceraldehyde
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What does Triosekinase do?
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converts Glyceraldehyde to Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
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Where is fructose metabolized?
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Liver
Kidney Small Intestine |
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3 enzymes needed to process galactose?
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Galactokinase
Galactose 1-phosphate uridyltransferase UDP galactose 4-epimerase |
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What does Galactokinase do?
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Galactose to galactose 1-phosphate
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What does Galactose 1-phosphate uridyltransferase do?
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Galactose 1-phosphate to UDP-galactose
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What does UDP galactose 4-epimerase do?
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UDP galactose to UDP glucose
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Enzyme needed to process mannose?
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Phosphomannose Isomerase
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Why does Candice Sucker have hereditary fructose intolerance?
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She has a Fructose 1-phosphate Aldolase defficiency. This prevents glycolysis.
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How is Candice Sucker treated for her problem?
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Restricted from eating foods containing fructose.
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Problems caused by Candice Sucker's disease?
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a. hepatomegaly, jaundice, and proximal tubular syndrome
b. hypoglycemia/vomitting when fructose is ingested |
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*Why does fructose pose a health risk to people without a fructose genetic defect?
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a. liver produces Glyceraldehyde-3-PO4 from Fructose (liver toxicity)
b. liver stimulates pyruvate kinase. c. no stimulation of insulin, leptin,or ghrelin suppression. |
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What regulates the operation of the pentose phosphate pathway?
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Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
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Why does Erin Galway have galactose intolerance?
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GALK, GALT, OR GALE defficiency
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Where is pentose phosphate pathway located?
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Cytoplasm of all cells
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What is the NADPH from Pentose phosphate pathway used for?
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a. Anabolic Pathways
b. Reducing Equiv for cytochrome P450 |
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What carries out the reaction of Glucose-6-phosphate to Ribulose-5-phosphate?
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Pentose phosphate pathway
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