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87 Cards in this Set

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What is DUE PROCESS?
No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of the law. Or more easily understood as fairness.
What is the FOURTH AMENDMENT?
Right of people to be secure against "unreasonable" searches and seizures. This includes things and people. Also no warrants issued without probable cause.
What three components are necessary for an arrest?
Intention, Authority, Custody
Officer must make the intent to take the person into custody, the person making the arrest must have the authority to do so, and the subject must be within the person's custody.
What is DETENTION?
A temporary and limited interference with the freedom of a person for investigative purposes.
What is PROBABLE CAUSE?
More than suspicion, but less than actual knowledge. OR Facts and circumstances that would lead a reasonable person to believe that a crime has been committed.
When can legal searches and seizures be made?
Warrant,
Consent,
Incident to arrest,
Motor Vehicle,
Exigent circumstances,
Inventory
Not searches, but related:
Stop and Frisk
Plain View
What is an EXCEPTIONALLY CLEARED case?
Know who committed the crime, but the case can not pursue any further.
Eg. when suspect is dead, witness refuses to testify, or more serious charges are being filed in another jurisdiction.
What is a CLEARED BY ARREST case?
The suspect has been arrested and that their is sufficient evidence to file charges against them. Conviction is NOT necessary.
What is the PRIMARY CRIME SCENE?
The location where the INITIAL offense was committed.
What is the SECONDARY CRIME SCENE?
The locations of all SUBSEQUENT events.
What is the MACROSCOPIC crime scene?
It is the large view, including relevant locations, victim or suspect's bodies, cars, buildings, etc.
What is the MICROSCOPIC crime scene?
It is the specific objects and pieces that are associated with the commission of the crime, including, knives, bite marks, hairs and fibers, blood, etc.
What are the three TYPES OF EVIDENCE?
Corpus Delicti, Associative, and Tracing evidence.
What is CORPUS DELICTI Evidence?
"Body of the Crime" Evidence that the elements of a crime occurred.
What is ASSOCIATIVE Evidence?
Evidence that connect any combination of person, places or things that can be connected to another person, place, or thing.
What is TRACING Evidence?
Evidence to find the identification and/or location of the suspect. Tracing evidence can also be corpus delicti or associative evidence.
When to use a SPIRAL search pattern?
Outdoor scene, single person. Decreasing concentric circles always working to the center.
When to use a STRIP/LINE search pattern?
One or more searchers. Moving from one end to the opposite, making a u-turn and continuing to the other end until area is searched.
Make sure evidence is handle at time of discovery.
When to use a GRID search pattern?
With one or more searchers. More methodical than strip/line method. Conduct as if doing a strip/line search, then do it again in a perpendicular fashion.
When to use a ZONE/QUADRANT search pattern?
When the scene can be divided into four areas and searched using one or more of the other forms of searching.
When to use a PIE/WHEEL search pattern?
When the scene can be divided into slices of around six pieces and searched using one or more of the other methods.
What is FORENSIC MAPPING?
The process of taking and recording the precise measurements of items to be drawn on a sketch.
What are the four types of sketch views?
Overhead,
Elevation,
Cross-projection,
Three dimensional
When to use RECTANGULAR mapping methods?
With scenes that have specific boundaries.
Fast and accurate, but the orientation of the evidence can be rotated.
When to use TRIANGULATION mapping methods?
With measurements that come from distinct and permanent features or landmarks.
Regular evidence (evidence that keeps its shape) uses four measurements and irregular evidence (ie, clothing) needs two. Difficult to use on uneven terrain.
When to use BASELINE mapping methods?
Inside or out. Using a real or imaginary line and measuring evidence to that line from a right angle to the baseline.
Higher degree of error after 30 feet. Evidence can be orientated differently after measuring.
When to use Polar mapping methods?
When mapping outdoors and evidence is scattered over a large area. Use a Datum Point (center point) created from two fixed points or off a baseline.
What are CLASS CHARACTERISTICS?
Physical evidence that are common to a group of objects or persons.
For example, small fragments of glass that are too small to match broken edges together.
What are INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS?
Evidence with unique characteristics that, with a high degree pf probability, can be traced to a particular source.
For example, fingerprints.
What do CONCENTRIC CRACKS look like?
Fractures that form a circular or oval pattern around the point of impact.
What do CONE/CRATER CRACKS look like?
Fractures that are funnel shaped or have deep bevels from high-velocity impact.
Hertzian Cone.
What do HACKLE CRACKS look like?
Line or crack that is parallel to the direction of the crack.
What do RADIAL CRACKS look like?
Fractures that extend from the point of impact.
What is a REAM characteristic?
Imperfections within a sample of non-homogeneous layers of flat glass.
What are WALLNER LINES?
Rib-shaped marks with a wavelike pattern on the glass edge that are concave in the direction from where the crack occurred.
What is BRITTLE BREAK or COLD SHOCK DEFORMATION?
Occurs when the filament in a light is exposed to a high impact and does not stretch, but instead breaks into small pieces. Usually implies the light was off or not on long enough to heat up.
What is HOT SHOCK DEFORMATION?
Occurs when the filament in a light is hot and exposed to a high impact and stretches and becomes deformed. Usually implies the light was on.
What type of Container is best to store glass evidence?
Plastic container with an air tight lid.
What is a FINGERPRINT?
A replica of the friction ridges that touched the surface on which the print was located.
Ridge characteristics are called MINUTIAE.
What are PLASTIC PRINTS?
Prints created when fingers touch material such as newly painted surfaces, gum, tapes, envelopes, thick layers of dust, etc.
What are CONTAMINATED/VISIBLE PRINTS?
Prints that result from foreign matter being present on the fingers before touching a smooth surface, such as soot, powder, ink, etc.
What are LATENT/INVISIBLE PRINTS?
Prints that are made by small amounts of body perspiration and oil normally found on the friction ridges.
What is ALGOR MORTIS?
The decrease of body temperature in dead bodies. Decrease at 1.5 degrees per hour in environmental conditions of 70 to 75 degrees. (not as reliable).
What is RIGOR MORTIS?
When muscles become rigid after death. Takes one to three hours and remain in that state for 24 to 36 hours.
What is LIVOR MORTIS?
Aka, Lividity, it is the reddish purple coloration on the dead body that is from the accumulation of blood in the small vessels of the body.
What is CADAVERIC SPASM?
Instant rigor mortis, also known as a "death grip".
What is a CONTUSION RING?
Area around a gunshot wound where skin cells are scraped off as the bullets stretches the skin before entering the body.
What is a SMUDGE RING?
Not powder residue, but small particles from the surface of the bullet.
What is evidence of a CONTACT BULLET WOUND?
Clothing, pieces of the body, and parts of the bullet firing debris is driven deep into the wound. Blackening around the wound is absent, and gases from the discharge is driven into the wound, then expelled shredding the bullet hole opening.
What is evidence of a CLOSE BULLET WOUND?
Produce a zone of blackening around the entrance wound.Burned power residue around the wound and possible singeing of hair or fibers from the explosion. Indicates distance of less than eighteen inches.
What is evidence of a DISTANT BULLET WOUND?
No smoke deposits around wound. Still has a contusion ring.
What are the two most common "rape drugs"?
Rohypnol and Gamma Hydroxybutyrate or "roofies" and GHB respectively.
What are the two types of burns?
Scald burns- caused by contact with hot liquid and
Contact burns- caused by contact with a hot surface.
What are signs of deliberate immersion burns?
Distinct water lines,
Bruising from the point of being held down,
Possible "sparing" pattern (doughnut pattern on butt or zebra on stomach).
What is the main distinction between accidental and non-accidental contact burns?
Accidental burns are more shallow and irregular than intentional burns.
Bleeding along the back inside of the skull and brain, tearing of brain issue and swelling of the brain are injuries in a child that indicate?
Shaken baby syndrome.
What is MUNCHAUSEN SYNDROME BY PROXY?
When a parent (or caretaker) suffers from munchausen syndrome (lies to get medical treatment) tries to get medical attention by injuring the child.
What are the four types of SITUATIONAL CHILD MOLESTERS?
(R.I.M.S.)
Regressed, Inadequate, Morally indiscriminate, and Sexually indiscriminate.
They molest children not because of preference, but because of availability.
Describe a REGRESSED child molester.
Low self esteem and poor coping skills. Turns to children as a substitute for peer sex.
Describe an INADEQUATE child molester.
Suffers from personality disorder or mental retardation, withdrawn or unusual. Motivated by insecurity and curiosity.
Describe a MORALLY DISCRIMINATE child molester.
Uses people. Abuses wife, friends, and coworkers; lies, cheats, and steals. Has the urge and a child in present so "why not".
Describe a SEXUALLY INDISCRIMINATE child molester.
Close to a preferential child molester. Molests for sexual experimentation and motivated by boredom.
What are the three types of PREFERENTIAL CHILD MOLESTERS?
(S.I.S.)
Seduction
Introverted
Sadistic
Describe a SEDUCTIVE child molester.
Courts with attention and gifts until the child exchanges gifts for sexual favors.
Describe a INTROVERTED child molester.
Has a preference for children, but lack the interpersonal skills to seduce them. Will congregate where children are and expose himself to them.
Describe a SADISTIC child molester.
Must inflict psychological or physical pain to be gratified. More likely to abduct and kill than to molest a friend or family member.
What is the profile of an infant abductor?
Usually female, 28 years of age, mostly white or black, may not have a criminal record. Motivated by attempting to prevent or to retain boyfriend/husband, most plan ahead a few hours to nine months ahead. These crimes happen at hospitals, during normal working hours, from May to October, using a con or ruse.
Criteria for AMBER ALERT:
Reasonable belief by LEO that abduction has occurred.
Child is in imminent danger of SBI or death.
Child is 17 years old or younger.
Given enough information about child and abduction to assist in recovery.
Child was entered in NCIC.
What are the three variations of ROBBERIES?
Ambush, Selective raid, and Planned operation.
What is LOCK LOIDING?
The act of slipping open or shimming, by use of a strip of celluliod, a spring-bolt lock that does not have an antishim device.
What is LOCK PICKING?
The process of manipulating a lock into an unlocked position using picks rather than a key.
What are the two categories for SAFES?
Fire-resistant and Money chests/burglary resistant safes.
Safe attacking method that requires little skill and utilized an attacker with a hammer to knock the spindle out defeating the safe?
Punch or Punching.
Attacker also uses cloth or rubber to mask the banging sound and will only work on fire safes.
Safe attacking method where the attacker uses a wheel puller to extract the spindle, moving it outward as opposed to inward.
Pulling, drag, or come-along method.
Will only work on older fire safes.
Method of safe cracking where the attacker punches a small hole in the upper left hand corner of the safe and uses a crow bar to remove the face of the safe and compromises the locking mechanism?
Peel.
Will work on fire safes. Often resorted to plan B. Requires a moderate level of skill and the more damage to the safe the less expirenced.
Method of safe cracking where crude force is used to make a hole big enough for a hand to fit to empty the safe?
Rip or rip job.
Often performed on the bottom or weakest part of the safe. Fire safes only.
Very noisy and requires a low skill level.
Safe attack method where explosives are used to open the safe and acquire the contents?
Blasting or soup job.
Used on all types of safes, but not very common.
Method of safe cracking where attacker uses a drill mounted to a jig to accurately drill into the safe to compromise the lock?
Drilling.
Expert knowledge needed. Can be used on fire safes and money chests.
Method of safe cracking where attacker uses oxygen and acetylene torch to cut open the safe?
Burning or torch job.
Used on fire safe and money chests; however, use on a fire safe indicates inexperience since less extreme means could be used. The smoother the cuts the more experienced the attacker.
Safe attack method where the combination dial is worked back and forth until the combination is learned from hearing the tumblers fall?
Combination Manipulation.
May also be damaged to mislead how entry was made. Probably given combination.
Safe attack method where a large pry bar or jack is used to seperate the door from the rest of the safe?
Pry or prying.
Amateurish method and only works on fire safes.
Method of safe cracking where the safe is removed from the area to a different location?
Carry-off.
What does the 9th digit in a VIN represent?
Check Digit
What is the difference between a PASSIVE and ACTIVE vehicle security system?
For a passive alarm, the owner is not required to do anything to engage the system.
What is the difference between a computer VIRUS and a WORM?
The virus attaches itself to a host program and can only be spread with the activation of that program. Worms can spread on their own.
How should a computer be collected as evidence?
Photograph screen and unplug from wall.
What is the preferred method of handling drug evidence?
Laboratory-first method is preferred since it reduces the handling of the evidence and maintains a better chain of custody than the Evidence room-first method.