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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Enantiotropic
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crystal structure can go back and forth between polymorphic forms
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Monotropic
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only one direction of change for polymorphs
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Polymorph
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Different solubility, temperature, and melting point for different crystals due to different crystalline forms
Denavir |
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Anistropic
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Each face of a crystal acts differently
All crystal forms except cubic |
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What happens to the boiling point as vapor pressure increases
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boiling point decreases
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What is the Clausis Claperyon equation used for
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prediction of vapor pressure at a given temperature
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_____ melting point = _____ water solubility for polymorphic forms
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lowest MP = highest water solubility
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What are the four crystalline structures of theobroma oil and their melting points?
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alpha = 18C
gamma = 22C beta = 31C beta prime = 35C |
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What is vapor pressure
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the pressure exerted by the vapor in the flask at equilibrium is the equilibrium vapor pressure (or just the vapor pressure)
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What occurs to vapor pressure as temperature increases?
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Vapor pressure increases, a large fraction of molecules move fast enough to escape the liquid.
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How is vapor pressure affected by molecules with weaker intermolecular forces?
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the molecules vaporize more easily
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At a given temperature, the substance with the weakest intermolecular forces has the _____ vapor pressure
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highest (vaporize more easily)
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What is a eutectic mixture
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Mixing two solids become liquid due to strong molecular attractions
Camphor & Phenol Menthol & Salicylic Acid |
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What determines molecular bond strength?
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Melting point, boiling point, and water solubility.
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What slows down the evaporation of nitroglycerin?
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dead space and decrease vapor pressure
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What is solubility
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How much can we get into a solution
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What is K-1
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Rate a solute comes out of solutions (precipitates)
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What is K1
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Rate a solute goes into solution
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What are the types of particle sized solutes
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True solution (< 1nm)
Colloidal dispersion (1-500 nm) Course dispersion (>500 nm) |
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What are the colligative properties
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Vapor pressure lowering, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, osmotic pressure
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What are the assumptions in calculating a colligative property?
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1) Solute is nonvolatile and solvent is water
2) For non-electrolytes: number of particles 3) For strong electrolytes: number of ions 4) For weak electrolytes: degree of ionization 5) Solutions are dilute |
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generally, do organic compounds disassociate?
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No
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What molecules can diffuse (freely permeate a membrane)
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urea, glycerin, and ethanol
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Isotonic and Isosmotic are not ____
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Isotonic and Isosmotic are not equivalent
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Dielectric constant of water
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78.5 (highest)
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Dielectric constant of Glycerin
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40.1 (fairly miscible)
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Dielectric constant of ethanol
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24.3 (fairly miscible)
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Dielectric constant of acetone
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19.1
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Dielectric constant of ether
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4.3 (not miscible)
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What is an elixir?
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ethanol and water. increases the solubility of hydrophobic drugs.
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Where are drugs most likely to precipitate out: IM or IV?
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IM, the fluids of the IV cancel out the reduction in concentrations of ethanol.
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The higher the dielectric constant ____
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the better it is at dissolving ionic compounds (how well it can separate charges)
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Is the combination of a drug and a complexing agent reversible?
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Yes
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Examples of a cyclodextran:
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Fabric sheets (larges use in the world)
sporinox (normally insoluble) |
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What does organoelectric mean?
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Something you can detect with your five senses
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Like dissolves ____
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like
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Solubility in water is _____ with hydrogen bonding molecules
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increased
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For many organic molecules, high melting points mean ____ water solubility
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low
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Cis (Z) isomers are ____ soluble than trans (E)
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more
Cis has more intramolecular bonds (lower MP, higher solubility) Trans has more intermolecular bonds (higher MP, lower solubility) |
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Increasing unsaturation ____ solubility in polar molecules
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increases
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Anhydrous solutes are _____ soluble than the hydrates
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more
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What are weak acids?
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COOH and Benzoic Acid
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What is the weak acid pH formula
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pH = pKa + log([St-So]/So)
pH below this will lead to precipitation |
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What are weak bases?
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RNH2, R2NH, R3N
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What functional group does not ionize at physiological pH?
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RCONH (Amides)
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What is the pH equation for a weak base?
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pH = pKa + log(So/[St-So])
pH above this will lead to precipitation |