• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/46

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

46 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Enantiotropic
crystal structure can go back and forth between polymorphic forms
Monotropic
only one direction of change for polymorphs
Polymorph
Different solubility, temperature, and melting point for different crystals due to different crystalline forms

Denavir
Anistropic
Each face of a crystal acts differently

All crystal forms except cubic
What happens to the boiling point as vapor pressure increases
boiling point decreases
What is the Clausis Claperyon equation used for
prediction of vapor pressure at a given temperature
_____ melting point = _____ water solubility for polymorphic forms
lowest MP = highest water solubility
What are the four crystalline structures of theobroma oil and their melting points?
alpha = 18C
gamma = 22C
beta = 31C
beta prime = 35C
What is vapor pressure
the pressure exerted by the vapor in the flask at equilibrium is the equilibrium vapor pressure (or just the vapor pressure)
What occurs to vapor pressure as temperature increases?
Vapor pressure increases, a large fraction of molecules move fast enough to escape the liquid.
How is vapor pressure affected by molecules with weaker intermolecular forces?
the molecules vaporize more easily
At a given temperature, the substance with the weakest intermolecular forces has the _____ vapor pressure
highest (vaporize more easily)
What is a eutectic mixture
Mixing two solids become liquid due to strong molecular attractions

Camphor & Phenol
Menthol & Salicylic Acid
What determines molecular bond strength?
Melting point, boiling point, and water solubility.
What slows down the evaporation of nitroglycerin?
dead space and decrease vapor pressure
What is solubility
How much can we get into a solution
What is K-1
Rate a solute comes out of solutions (precipitates)
What is K1
Rate a solute goes into solution
What are the types of particle sized solutes
True solution (< 1nm)
Colloidal dispersion (1-500 nm)
Course dispersion (>500 nm)
What are the colligative properties
Vapor pressure lowering, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, osmotic pressure
What are the assumptions in calculating a colligative property?
1) Solute is nonvolatile and solvent is water
2) For non-electrolytes: number of particles
3) For strong electrolytes: number of ions
4) For weak electrolytes: degree of ionization
5) Solutions are dilute
generally, do organic compounds disassociate?
No
What molecules can diffuse (freely permeate a membrane)
urea, glycerin, and ethanol
Isotonic and Isosmotic are not ____
Isotonic and Isosmotic are not equivalent
Dielectric constant of water
78.5 (highest)
Dielectric constant of Glycerin
40.1 (fairly miscible)
Dielectric constant of ethanol
24.3 (fairly miscible)
Dielectric constant of acetone
19.1
Dielectric constant of ether
4.3 (not miscible)
What is an elixir?
ethanol and water. increases the solubility of hydrophobic drugs.
Where are drugs most likely to precipitate out: IM or IV?
IM, the fluids of the IV cancel out the reduction in concentrations of ethanol.
The higher the dielectric constant ____
the better it is at dissolving ionic compounds (how well it can separate charges)
Is the combination of a drug and a complexing agent reversible?
Yes
Examples of a cyclodextran:
Fabric sheets (larges use in the world)
sporinox (normally insoluble)
What does organoelectric mean?
Something you can detect with your five senses
Like dissolves ____
like
Solubility in water is _____ with hydrogen bonding molecules
increased
For many organic molecules, high melting points mean ____ water solubility
low
Cis (Z) isomers are ____ soluble than trans (E)
more

Cis has more intramolecular bonds (lower MP, higher solubility)

Trans has more intermolecular bonds (higher MP, lower solubility)
Increasing unsaturation ____ solubility in polar molecules
increases
Anhydrous solutes are _____ soluble than the hydrates
more
What are weak acids?
COOH and Benzoic Acid
What is the weak acid pH formula
pH = pKa + log([St-So]/So)

pH below this will lead to precipitation
What are weak bases?
RNH2, R2NH, R3N
What functional group does not ionize at physiological pH?
RCONH (Amides)
What is the pH equation for a weak base?
pH = pKa + log(So/[St-So])

pH above this will lead to precipitation