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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
purposes to deliver drugs to the lungs
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local effect
systemic effect |
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why is using the lung used for systemic effect
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has large SA
no 1st pass effect |
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a drug liq is instilled into the trachea for distribution deeper into the lung
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intratracheal instillation
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how can aerosals be delivered
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intratracheally
oral inhalation |
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most common method for lung med
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aerosal
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methods of pulm drug delivery
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intratracheal instillation
aerosol inhalation |
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types of oral aerosols
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inhalers: propellant-driven and dry powders
nebulizers: air-jet and ultrasonic |
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upper airway includes
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nose
nasal cavity |
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name the conduction airways and resp unit
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segmental bronchi
nonresp bronchioles resp bronchioles alveolar ducts alveoli |
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at the branching of the trachea the airways progressively decrease in ----
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caliber/diameter
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the primary function to conduct air to the resp region changes to --- ---
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gas exchange
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pulm epithelia include
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upper airway and tracheobronchial tree
alveoli |
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what type of cells in the upper airway and tracheobronchial tree
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ciliarted epithelia
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what areas are lined w/ pseduostratified CILIATED columnar epithelial cells along w/ goblet cells
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nasal cavity
nasopharynx larynx trachea bronchi |
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what makes mucus
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goblet
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mucus in the lungs is similar to the mucus in the -- ---
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nasal cavity
traps foreign particles prevents epithelial dehydration |
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mucus covers the epithelia from the ---- to the terminal ----- and is moved upwards by the cilia towards the ----- from which it's swallowed
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trachea
bronchioles pharynx |
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this is an effective cleaning mechanism that traps and removes particles
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mucociliary escalator
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at the alveolar --- --- increase dramatically and the distance to the --- is very short
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surface area
circulation |
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what engulfs particles in the lungs
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macrophages
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what type of alveoli is flat, short, so it's a short distance to pass
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Type 1
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oral inhalation meds will produce a ---- ---- of particles taht will travel thru mouth to the lungs
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repirable cloud
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the drug will either be the particles themselves ---- or will be contained in them
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particles
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drugs in the oropharynx is most likely to go to the
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GI tract
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fate of tracheobronchial region
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1. mucociliary escalator
2. lung enzymes will break down 3. permeate the epithelium 4. systemically absorbed |
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how will drugs permeate the epithelium in the lungs
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primarily thru passive diffusion
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when drugs removed via mucociliary escalator what occurs next
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up to pharynx then swallowed
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the surface lining layer covers epithelium w/ an ---- ---- and alveolar ----
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amorphous hypophase
surfactants |
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in the alveoli the drug is deposited in the
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surface lining layer (SLL)
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what will be engulfed by macrophages in the alveoli
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high MW drugs and particles
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after the macrophages engulf what occurs
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they migrate to the Mucociliary escalator or they are absorbed
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some drug in the alveoli will be absorbed in the ----- ----
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systemic circulation w/ no 1st pass effect
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this is caused by the tendency of particles to move in a straight direction, instead of following the moving airstream
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inertial impaction
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sedimentation is where particles deposit under the force of -----
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gravity
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in sedimentation the particles fall out of the moving airstream when air ---- down
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slows
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this mech of deposition is where the particles diffuse to the depostion sites
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diffusion
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mech of aerosol deposition
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1. inertial impaction
2. sedimentation 3. diffusion |
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the primary aerosol related factors affecting particle deposition are ---- and ---
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size
speed |
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aerosol particles are measured by their ---- diameter which takes into consideration:
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aerodynamic
1. particle size 2. particle shape 3. particle density |
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the smaller the particle the --- they go
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deeper
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if the particles are more than 10 um what occures
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extrathroacic
particles are too big and impact in the oropharynx or upper airway |
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particles 5-10 impact in the ----
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upper tracheobronchial
impact and settle in the upper airways |
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particles 1-5 um impact in the
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bronchioles
alveolar ducts alveoli |
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1-5 um settle and --- as the air slows down
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diffuse
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submicron go where
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alveoli
exhalation of particle |
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because submicron are so small what should the pt do
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hold breath
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the most import size, is a good target for asthma drugs
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1-5 um
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increased/ decreased particle velocity favors deposition by impaction
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increased
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increased particle velocity favors deposition by --------
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impaction
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the particle can't stay w/ ---- airstream
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bending
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what about the breathing pattern will affect the particle deposition
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rate
depth |
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for small respirable particles (1-5) what favors tracheobronchial deposition
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rapid/shallowing breathing
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what type of breathing favors deeper penetration of respirable particles
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slow/deep breathing
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holding the breath favors deposition by ----- and -----
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sedimentation
diffusion |
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holding the breath minimizes ---- of particles
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exhalation
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diseases that can afect the ---- and ---- of the airway can affect aerosol flow thru lungs
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caliber
tortuisity |
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pulmonary drug delivery is known for it's ----- efficiency
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poor
about 80-95% ends up in the GI tract |
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aerosol particles are in size ----, w/ a significant fration of large particles so this may impact where?
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distribution
the back of the throat |
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rapid aerosol release favor impaction in the --- - ---- ----
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back of the mouth
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bad inhalation will impact where
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the back of the mouth
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name some things that are suboptimal in aerosol release
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large particles: back of throat
fast: back of mouth bad inhalation tech: back of mouth |