Domain 3: Social Aspects Of Behavior

Front 1

What is conformity?

Back 1

A change in a person's behavior or opinions as a result of real or imagined pressure from a person or group of people.

Front 2

What are some factors that impact conformity?

Back 2

1. Unamitiy: Decreases if even one other person agrees
2. Committment: Decreases if commitment to initial judgment
3. Accountability: Increases when decision must be justified
4. Individual Characteristics: Higher among low self-esteem and task-specific
5. Cultural Differences: Higher in collectivist and women
6. Composition of Group: Increases if group does not value or if whites comprise majority of group

Front 3

What are some responses to social influence?

Back 3

1. Compliance: Due to rewards or punishments
2. Identification: Due to desire to be like influencer
3. Internalization: Permanent

Front 4

What is the bystander effect?

Back 4

Presence of another bystander diffuses responsibility/action

Front 5

What factors increase helping behavior?

Back 5

-Emergency
-Low cost
-Face-to-face contact

Front 6

What are some routes to persuasion?

Back 6

1. Central: Weigh arguments, consider facts, think systematically
2. Peripheral: Respond to simple and irrelevant cues

Front 7

What affects the effectiveness of communication?

Back 7

1. Source
2. Nature (How it is said)
3. Characteristics of audience

Front 8

In communication, what type of examples get more weight: statistical or personal?

Back 8

Personal--real examples get more weight

Front 9

What is more persuasive? One-sided or two-sided arguments?

Back 9

Well informed individuals are more persuaded by two-sided arguments

Front 10

What is social cognition?

Back 10

Attempt to make sense of the world, simplify complex problems, biases

Front 11

Define reference points

Back 11

Contrast effects--object can appear better/worse dependent on comparison

Front 12

Define priming

Back 12

Construction accessibility--ideas that have been recently encountered

Front 13

Define framing

Back 13

Presented in a way that it apears to represent a loss or gain

Front 14

Define ordering of information

Back 14

What comes first, how much information is given

Front 15

Define judgmental heuristics

Back 15

Mental shortcut, simple, rule for problem solving, availability heuristic, attitude heuristic

Front 16

What is a self-schema?

Back 16

Coherent memories, feelings beliefs about ourselves

Front 17

What is a confirmation bias?

Back 17

Tendency to cling to initial impressions and interpretations

Front 18

What is a hindsight bias?

Back 18

Once we know outcome of event, we believe we could have predicted it in advance

Front 19

What are the consequences of cognitive conservatism?

Back 19

Misuse of inappropriate categories, misapplication of heuristics.

Front 20

What is self-justification?

Back 20

People are motivated to justify their actions, beliefs, and feelings

Front 21

What is cognitive dissonance?

Back 21

State of tension when an individual holds two cognitions that are inconsistent

Front 22

How can cognitive dissonance be reduced?

Back 22

Change one or both cognitions, add cognitions to bridge gab

Front 23

What are some causes of human aggression?

Back 23

Neurological/chemical (testosterone, alcohol, pain/discomfort, frustration); social learning

Front 24

Explain the impact of TV and violence?

Back 24

-Average 12-year old witnessed 100,000 acts of wiolence on TV
-Priming, numbing

Front 25

Define prejudice

Back 25

Hostile/negative attitude toward a distinguishable group based on generalizations derived from faulty or incomplete information

Front 26

What is a stereotype?

Back 26

Assigning individual characteristics to any person in a group regardless of the actual variation among members of that group

Front 27

What is subtyping?

Back 27

Convincing oneself that what you've learned, while probably true, is a rare exception to the stereotype

Front 28

What is a stereotype threat?

Back 28

Apprehensiveness about confirming a negative stereotype

Front 29

What are some causes of prejudice?

Back 29

-Economic/political competition
-Displaced aggression
-Maintenance of self-image
-Dispositional prejudice (personality)
-Conformity

Front 30

Define Reward Theory

Back 30

We like people whose behavior provides us with maximum reward at minimum cost

Front 31

What are the effects of praise?

Back 31

We like people who evaluate us positively

Front 32

What are key personal attributes?

Back 32

Competence and physical attractiveness

Front 33

Explain the gain-loss theory

Back 33

Increases in rewarding behavior have more impact on liking that constant positive behavior

Front 34

What are two different types of relationships?

Back 34

-Exchange (concerned about equity)
-Communal (faith that equity will occur)

Front 35

What are the different types of love?

Back 35

-Passionate (strong emotions, sexual desire, rapid onset)
-Companionate (mutual trust, dependabiity, stable)
-Consummate (all 3)

Front 36

What were some of the major studies that contributed knowledge about conformity?

Back 36

-Asch: Subjects asked to judge which of 3 lines matched the other lines; confederates seleved wrong answer, 75% participants conformed at least once
-Gladwell: Change occurs suddenly when certain people ("connectors") support it
-Schachter & Singer: Manipulation of attribution of emotion in chemically stimulated volunteers
-Hanley: Jurors imposing death penalty
-Milgram: Study on obedience, 65% continued to end of experiment; maximized obedience, obedience decreased if authority figure not present, if experiment changed settings,and if "teacher" held down learners arm
-Uninvolved Bystander: 1964, woman killed in NYC while 30 people watched

Front 37

What was the major study that contributed knowledge about mass communication, propaganda, and persuasion?

Back 37

-Inoculation effect--a brief communication that the audience can refuse "immunizes" them to subsequent, stronger communications

Front 38

What were the major studies that contributed knowledge about social cognition?

Back 38

-Henri Tajfel--Create group using trivial criteria and in-group favoritism
-Elizabeth Loftus--Phenomenon of planting false childhood memories (recovered memories)

Front 39

What were the major studies that contributed knowledge about self-justification

Back 39

Studies on evidence of discomfort--participants report discomfort when experience dissonance and perform poorly on complex task similar to those experiencing hunger or thirst.

Front 40

What were the major studies that contributed knowledge about human aggression?

Back 40

-Hobbes: Humans are brutes who need society's civilizing influence (Freud)
-Rousseau: "Noble savage;" humans are gentile in their natural state, restrictions of society creates aggressive behavior
-Kuo: Cats raised with rats will not attack rats
-Eibl-Eibesfeldt: Rats will attack other rats even if they've never learned to do so
-Lorenz: Fish will attack males of other species or females if denied access to natural sparing partners (other male fish)
-Bandura: Social learning, children watched adult abuse doll and imitated.

Front 41

What were the major studies that contributed knowledge about prejudice?

Back 41

-Gender stereotypes: Girls attribute math success to luck, while boys contribute it to skill; male tennis players try harder after losing a set than women
-George Gerbner: Surveys fo media representations show that women/minorities appear in television far less often than in reality
-Jigsaw Classroom (Aronson): Technique to address difficulties in recently desegregated Texas school, required students to learn materials from each other, successful in reducing tensions in just a few days, interdependence results in students getting to know each other as individuals, stereotypes subside, enhances empathy, has been used in many countries and with all ages, results in higher test scores and more positive interactions among students.

Front 42

What were the major studies that contributed to knowledge about liking, loving and interpersonal sensitivity?

Back 42

-Physically attractive people--given benefit of doubt when they misbehave, are perceived as having positive personality, are more liked, earn more money
-Conflict and Marital Satisfaction: Partners who use intimate, nonaggresive, yet confrontational method of conflict resolution report higher satisfaction

Front 43

What are some assessments for social skill improvement?

Back 43

-Problem solving stages: Problem, identification, problem definition, exploring solutions, monitoring progress, problem resolution
-RIOT: Review of records, interviews, observations, testing
-Testing/Rating Scales: Broad-band [ASEBA (matches DSM-IV-TR), BASC-2 (parent, teacher, student forms), Connors (parent, teacher, student ADHD)], narrow band [SSRS (Social Skills Rating System, specifically for social skills), SIB-R (Scales of Independent Behavior), CALS, Vineland]

Front 44

What are some interventions for social skill improvement?

Back 44

-Least instructive intervention
-Group-based
-Embedded
-Identifiable and external goals
-Build on current practices
-Celebrate success
-Data collection system

Front 45

How has social psychology research informed methods and practices for reducing racial bias?

Back 45

-Minority Identity Development Model
-Social Skill Teaching
-Cooperative Learning
-Jigsaw Classroom
-Student Teams--Achievement Divisions (STAD)
-Instruction Through Literature

Front 46

Explain the Minority Identity Developmental Model

Back 46

Atkinson et al (1993)
1. Conformity: Prefers dominant culture, feel negative about self
2. Dissonance: Begins to like own culture, conflict
3. Resistance: aka immersion, racial pride, completely endorse minority views
4. Introspection (deep analysis of feelings, begins to realize that white culture has positive aspects)
5. Integrative Awareness (ability to appreciate multiple cultures

Front 47

Explain Social Skill Teaching

Back 47

Fiske
-Skills training (direct instruction, modeling, rehearsal, behavior generalization)
-Cognitive/affective approach (students become aware of own feelings)