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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Describe the structure of atoms. What subatomic particle is gained, lost, or shared in chemical reaction, and thus accounts for the flow of energy through molecules, organisms, and ecoystems?
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Protons,electons,nutrons
Electrons chlorophyll Photosynthesis, |
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Which electrons are chemically active (where are they)? How can we predict the outcome of a chemical reaction knowing how many protons are in an atom of an element? Do all atoms of an element have the same number of protons, neutrons, and electrons?
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Valence electrons
protons determine shape, size, properties No-> isotope-> nuetrons |
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What 4 elements make up over 90% of most living thing? How does the percentage in living things compare to the percent composition of these elements in the earth’s crust?
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ONCH
46% O2 in atomosphere |
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Life occurs in water. Explain why water is so important.
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H-Bonds,heat of vaporiation, polarity, low density, cohesion, adhesion, solubilty Pull water to roots water stablized tempature in enviroment,
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What is cohesion? Why does water have cohesiveness? How is cohesion of water important to life?
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Cohesion is multiple water molecule bond together-> H-bond capillary action-> water through stem and tubes of plants surface tension
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Why is solid water less dense than liquid water (i.e., why does ice float)? Answer completely.
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The When water cools below 4 degrees C, the hydrogen bonds stop breaking, resulting in the formation of a lattice that essentially pushes the water molecules apart, resulting in ice being less dense than liquid water.
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Diagram a water molecule. Show the polar covalent bond. Then draw another water molecule, and show where the hydrogen bond is.
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The electrons in the bond between H and O are more attracted to the large O nucleus than the smaller H nucleus, resulting in unequal sharing of the electrons. The resulting positive area near the hydrogen end of one water molecule is attracted to and forms a weak bond with the negative, oxygen end of another water molecule.
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Why do humid environments experience less fluctuation in temperature than do dry environments of the same latitude? Use specific heat
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Humid enviroments have a lot of water molecules in the molecules and water has a high specific heat and heat of vaporiation It takes more energy to chance temperature 1 degree C then air
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What is capillary action? How do water’s properties explain it?
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The pull of a liquid up a tube against the pull of gravity
with adhesion and cohesion properties -> a narrower table=more stable surface area |
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What is capillary action? How do water’s properties explain it?
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4 valence equations
covalent bonds with other molecules It can make chains,coils, more stable, rings |
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What is a functional group? Which make an organic compound an acid? Which make the compound, or part of it, hydrophilic? Which are important in amino acids? Lipids? Carbohydrates? Nucleic acids?
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hydrocarbon chain with specific molecule that have specific molecular groups---polarity and OH groups COOH makes it an acid - Lipid carboxy hydroxyl l- Carbs hydroxyl and carbonyl-Nucelic acid phosphate amino carbonyl hydroxyl proteins- Hydroxyl carboxyl amino Sulphydryl
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What are the four major classes of organic compounds? What is each composed of (elements)? Give examples of each, and tell what subunits go together to make them
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Lipid CH lil O 3 fatty acid glycerol head Phosphate chains
Protein-SPONCH-Amino Acid enzyme polypeptide Nucleic acid-ChONP RNA DNA nucletide CARBS-CHO fructose sucrose glucose |
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What process makes monomers into polymers? How does life build itself into chains?
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Dehydration synthesis
Proteins-Chains of amino acids DNA Chains of nucleotide |
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What process breaks polymers into monomers?
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hydrolosis
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What is different about starch and cellulose that makes cellulose hard to digest?
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Starch has Alpha Glucose which has long chains where Glucose has Beta Glucose which forms long tough fibers which are harder break
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What is a lipid? What characteristic is common to all lipids? What are some lipids other than fats?.
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A lipid is an organic that is compound of CH and a lil O and it stores energy and insoluble in H2O
Terpenes Phospholipids |
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Describe the make-up of fats, and how saturated fats differ from unsaturated fats
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Glycerin head and 3 fatty acids Saturate Fat has no double bonds and unsaturated has double bonds with kinks
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Describe the shape of proteins, and why shape is so important. What is denaturization?
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Primary Structure is a linear chain of amino acids
secondary is the intial folding of primary Tertiary structure manly folded secondary chains Quaternary structure- Many teritary Shape tells it what to do and what it attaches to or on |
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What type of bond connects amino acids to form polypeptide chains?
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Peptide Chains
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RNA and DNA differ
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DNA double strand RNA single strand
RNA leaves nucleus DNA has thymine RNA has Uracil DNA is self replicating RNA is syntheied |
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Compare aerobic and anaerobic respiration. What kinds of organisms do each?
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Aerobic w/ Oxygen , all cell respiration-all Eukaryotes
Anaerobic= no oxygen glycolosis- all organisms |
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28. What is respiration? Where does it take place?
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Respiration is the complete oxidation of glucose to form atp it takes place in the cell cytoplasm + mitochondria
C6H12O6 +6O2-> 6H20 +CO2 = ATP |
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Reactants and products of glycolosia
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Glucose 6C glucose 2pyruvate 2 ATP 2 NADH
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Oxidartion of Pyruvate Reactants and products
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2 pyrivate Acetyl COA CO2 2 NADH
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Krebs Cycle Reactants and products
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Acetyl CoA
CO2 2 ATP 6 NADH 2 FADH2 |
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Electron Transport Reactant and product
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NADH 2FADH2
32-34 ATP H2O NAD+ FAD+ |
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Describe how and why enzymes are affected by concentration, pH, temperature, and inhibitors.
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Temperature Shape altered; different optima
pH Also alter shape; different optima InhibitorsCompetitive – take same active site Allosteric – change shape of active site Activators – prevent allosteric Coenzymes and cofactors – non-protein NAD+ NADH – electrons travel with proton |
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Explain the structure of ATP, and the “cycle” of
ATP/ADP + P |
ADP -> ATP
+P releases energy and phosphate phosphates attached by oxygen |
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What is energy? What are four different forms of energy? Which is most “ordered”? Least ordered?
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Energy =capacity to do work, heat,light,nuclear chemical
Ordered;>Nuclear Least;> Heat |
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What is an enzyme? How do enzymes work?
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Enzyme are a substance that attaches to a substrate and acts as a catalyst to lower activation energy
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vertabrae system responsible
Seperating organism metabolism support locomotion |
Integimentory,repitory,skeletal, muscular
endocine respitory skeletal nervous muscular skeleta; |
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vertabrae system responsible
acquisition of nutrients gas exchange preception to stimuli response to stimuli |
digestive circulatory
respitory circulatory nervous nervous muscular skeletal |
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What are the 4 types of vertebrate tissues? Give 2 examples for each.
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Epitheral-skin organ lining
connectibe cartalidge blood bone muscle smooth striatedskletal nervous-nuerons brain spinal cord |
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Use an example to show the different levels of organization of the vertebrate body – e.g., from cell to tissue to organ to system for the lung.
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cardica muscle cell to cardiac muscle to heart to circulatory
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What kind of tissue are each of the following: neuron, red blood cell, bone, skin, feathers, hair, biceps, spinal cord, vertebrae, cartilage, fingernails, scales, lining of small intestine, fat deposits, collagen,
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nuerons-connective-connective-epithial epithial epithial
muscle nervous connective connective epithial epithial epithial connective connective |
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Describe similarities and differences in structure, type of movement, and types of organisms using them. Do humans have cilia and/or flagella? Explain.
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humans cilli in respitory
flagella in sperm locomotion plankton passive phottaxic move to ligh |
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How does an earthworm move? What part of your body has similar muscles and movement?
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has circular and longitudal muscles that contracts and pushes and has bistles to grip hydrostatic skelton esophogus
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Describe the advantages of an endoskeleton for terrestrial organisms.
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increase size internal organs protected easier to regulate body temp
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What are the differences between smooth muscle and skeletal muscle? Cardiac?
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Smooth 1 nucleous
skeletal-invoulintairy-multiple nucleous Cardiac,combination of both 1 nucleous |
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What is the function of ATP to the muscle? Where does the ATP come from?
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ATP to myosin head supplies energy ATP comes from cellular respiration Calcium binds to topinin and displaces tropomyosin to reach myosin
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Compare red and white muscle fibers in function and structure.
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Red-slow twitch-more endurance
white-fast twitch rapid regneration |
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What are 2 major parts of of photosynthesis
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Light dependent reaction
Product is NADPH + ARP + O2 Calvin cycle |
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calvin cycle
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CArbon filtration- Robisco takes in CO2
REduction ATP and NADPH take in and make organic molecules G3P REgeneration of CO2 Accepptor RUPB to RPbisco |
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Photo synthesis
define thylakoid and stroma and granada |
thylakoid absorbs photons of light create and make ATP and NADPH Granda is the stacks
and stroma is the liquid |
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Chemioisis
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uses ATP Synthase to produce ATP
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ATP SYNTHASE
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is an enzyme that in channels protons thru ATP Synthase where ADP is phosphated to ATP
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Source of o2
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reduction of water
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Where doe electron come from that replaces the electron int ETC
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water to NADPH from light to proton
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NON CYLIc
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1/2 O2 photosynthesis II gets photon then makes ATP and then goes to Photosynthesis I and goes through NADP+ + H+ to NADPH
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ATP
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Adenosine Triphosphate
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