Dog & Cat Parasites

Front 1

Otodectes cynotis

Back 1

Arthropoda > Insecta;
Ear mites;
Ectoparasites;
Incomplete metamorphosis;
Feed on epidermal detritus - Don't burrow;
Most of LC on host, Transmission by DC

Front 2

Demodex spp.

Back 2

Arthropoda > Insecta;
Ectoparasites;
Incomplete metamorphosis;
Lives in hair follicles, sebaceous glands;
One host, no environmental stage;
Probably normal derm flora, Neonatal transmission?;
Not normally pathogenic;
Localized/Generalized/Pododemodicosis

Front 3

Sarcoptes scabiei var. canis

Back 3

Arthropoda > Insecta;
Ectoparasites;
Incomplete metamorphosis;
"Host adapted";
Entire LC on host, Transmission is DC;
Burrow into superficial keratin, feed on blood;
Intense pruritis, self-mutilation;
ZOONOTIC, no reproduction on human

Front 4

Ctenocephalides felis

Back 4

Arthropoda > Insecta;
Ectoparasite;
Most of LC is in environment;

Front 5

Pulex irritans

Back 5

Arthropoda > Insecta;
Ectoparasite;
"Human flea"

Front 6

Echidnophaga gallinacea

Back 6

Arthropoda > Insecta;
Ectoparasite;
"Sticktight flea"

Front 7

Notoedres cati

Back 7

Arthropoda > Insecta;
Ectoparasite;
Face mange mite (cats);
Resembles Sarcoptes scabiei;

Front 8

What internal parasites are "common" in the dog and cat?

Back 8

Higher prevalence in young dogs, and in South Central region;
Helmenths > Protozoa;
In Texas = ...;
In ...

Front 9

Spirocerca lupi

Back 9

Spiruroidea;
Larvated egg;
Esophagus, nodules;
Indirect LC -- I.H. beetles;
>Thoracic spondylitis. Fibro- or Osteosarcomas. Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy (HPO).

Front 10

Physaloptera spp.

Back 10

Spiruroidea;
Stomach;
Indirect LC -- I.H. beetles;
Larvated eggs;
DDX with endoscope, mechanically pick out worms.

Front 11

Ancylostoma caninum

Back 11

Ancylostomatoidea (hookworm);
"Common dog hookworm";
Small intestine;
Three pairs of teeth.

Front 12

Ancyostoma braziliense

Back 12

Ancylostomatoidea (hookworm);
"Southern hookworm";
Cats/dogs;
Small intestine;
Two pairs of teeth

Front 13

Uncinaria stenocephala

Back 13

Ancylostomatoidea (hookworm);
"Northern hookworm";
Small intestine;
Cutting plates instead of teeth.

Front 14

Ancyostoma tubaeformae

Back 14

Ancylostomatoidea (hookworm);
Cats;
Small intestine;
Three pairs of teeth;
Rarely seen anemia - litter box and burying feces.

Front 15

Transmission and migration and mechanisms of damage and public heath concerns and DDX of Ancyostoma spp.

Back 15

Trans-mammary & skin penetration.
Skin-tracheal / skin-aortic.
Blood suckers.
Cutaneous larval migrans.
Egg floats - Thin-shelled segmented eggs.

Front 16

Which Taenia spp. in dogs & cats zoonotic?

Back 16

NONE.

T. saginata & T. solium have man as DH.

Front 17

What is the general live cycle of Taenia spp?

Back 17

Predator-pray cycle.
Gravid proglottids are shed in DH feces > eggs ingested by IH through grazing/grooming > embryo released by digestion, penetrates gut wall, carries in blood to predilection site ? larval cysts develop > DH ingests larva by eating infected IH tissues > adult tapes develop in small intestine.
PPP=7-8 weeks.

Front 18

What is the DH and IH of Taenia ovis?

What is the larval site? What is the larval name?

What is the concern?

Back 18

D.H.=Dog I.H.=Sheep.

Cysticercus ovis in the muscle.

Economic loss from carcass trimming.

Front 19

What is the DH and IH of Taenia multiceps?

What is the larval site? What is the larval name?

What is the concern?

Back 19

D.H.=Dog I.H.=Sheep.

Coenurus cerebralis in the CNS.

Deadly in sheep. Not in the US.

Front 20

What is the DH and IH of Taenia hydatigena?

What is the larval site? What is the larval name?

What is the concern?

Back 20

D.H.=Dog I.H.=Sheep, goat, cow, pig.

Cysticercus tenuicollis in the liver & peritoneal cavity.

Front 21

What is the DH and IH of Taenia pisiformis?

What is the larval site? What is the larval name?

What is the concern?

Back 21

D.H.=Dog I.H.=Rabbit.

Cysticercus pisiformis in the peritoneal cavity.

Front 22

What is the DH and IH of Taenia serialis?

What is the larval site? What is the larval name?

What is the concern?

Back 22

D.H.=Dog I.H.=Rabbit.

Coenurus serialis in the connective tissue.

Found when skinning rabbits.

Front 23

What is the DH and IH of Taenia taeniaeformis?

What is the larval site? What is the larval name?

What is the concern?

Back 23

D.H.=CatI.H.=Rodent.

Cysticercus fasciolaris in the liver.

None mentioned.

Front 24

Taenia spp. control?

Back 24

Epsiprantel (Cestex[tm]) and Praziquantel.

Single dose is 100% effective.

Front 25

What is the general life cycle of Echinococcus granulosus?

Back 25

Cestoda.

Predator-pray indirect cycle.

Cysts in the liver.

Front 26

Is there zoonotic potential with Echinococcus granulosus?

Back 26

Yes. Man is IH. Infection is called hydatid disease or cyctic hydatid disease.

Front 27

What form of Echinococcus granulosus results in logarithmic amounts of adult worms?

Back 27

Hydatid cysts.

Front 28

What is the first way to control Echinococcus granulosus?

Back 28

Treat the dogs to prevent IH from getting infected.

Front 29

Treatment of Echinococcus granulosus?

Back 29

Same as with Taenia spp.
Praziquantel & Epsiprantel.

Front 30

What are the concerns associated with Echinococcus granulosus?

Back 30

Zoonotic potential.
Cannot differentiate eggs from Taenia spp.
Worldwide problem.
Economic loss in livestock.

Front 31

What is the general life cycle of Echniococcus multilocularis?

Back 31

Cestode.

Predator-Pray.

Red fox (dogs, cats) -- microtene rodents (voles, lemmings)

Front 32

What are concerns with Echniococcus multilocularis?

Back 32

Zoonotic to humans through dogs & cats.
Cysts in lungs, liver, intestine.
Present in foxes in Canada & Europe.
Indistinguishable from Taenia eggs.

Front 33

What is the general life cycle of Dipylidium canium?

Back 33

Cestode.

Indirect. Dogs--fleas.

Gravid proglottids passes in feces > release egg baskets > flea larva (Ctenocephalides) or louse (Trichodectes) ingest eggs > cysticercoid develops in body cavity of flea/louse > DH eats IH and becomes infected.

Front 34

Is there zoonotic concern with Dipylidium canium?

Back 34

Yes. Humans infected by ingesting the flea.

Front 35

What is the general life cycle of Spirocerca lupi?

Back 35

Spiruroidea.
Esophagus.
DH=Dog, coyotes, wild carnivores.
IH=Beetles
PH=Rodents, chickens, snakes, lizards

Front 36

Pathology of Spirocerca lupi?

Back 36

Chronic vomiting.
Esophageal granuloma.
Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy is a common sequella.
Extensive fibrosis in aorta, aneurysms formed.

Front 37

What is the general life cycle of Physaloptera spp?

Back 37

Spiruroidea.
Small intestine.
DH=Dogs, cats, wild carnivores.
IH=Beetles.

Front 38

What is the pathology of Physaloptera spp?

Back 38

Usually asymptomatic. May cause chronic vomiting.

Front 39

What is the general life cycle of Ancylostoma caninum?

Back 39

Ancylostomatoidae.
Small intestine.
Host=Dog, cat, wild dogs/cats.
"Common dog hookworm"

Front 40

Stats of Ancylostoma braziliense?

Back 40

Southern Hookworm
Ancylostomatoidae.
Small intestine.
Causes anemia.Important in puppies where there is no passive immunity.

Front 41

Is there zoonotic potential with hookworms?

Back 41

Yes. Cutaneous larval migrans.

Front 42

Stats of Uncinaria stenocephala?

Back 42

Northern hookworm.
Ancylostomatoidae.
Small intestine.
Cutting plates.
Mild pathogen.

Front 43

Stats of Ancylostoma tubaeformae?

Back 43

Common cat hookworm.
Ancylostomatoidae.
Small intestine.

Front 44

Stats of Toxocara canis?

Back 44

Ascaroidea.
Small intestine.
Dogs, other canids.
Very common in puppies (transplacental).

Front 45

Stats of Toxocara cati

Back 45

Ascaroidea.
Small intestine.
Cats, wild felids
Common in kittens.

Front 46

When do you test puppies for heartworms?

Back 46

7 months

Front 47

How do you test puppies for heartworms?

Back 47

Antigen tests and parasitologic (microscopy)

Front 48

What is an "occult heartworm infection"?

Back 48

Animal is infected but microfilaria cannot be detected. There may not be any microfilaria. The microfilaria may be cleared by immune response.

Front 49

What do macrocyclic lactones kill in heartworm infections?

Back 49

Microfilaria

Front 50

How do you assess the heart after making a diagnosis of heartworms?

Back 50

Radiography and ultrasound.

Front 51

How can you treat heartworms?

Back 51

Address both adults and microfilaria.
Melarsomine=adultacide
Preventives=L3/L4

Front 52

Prior to adulticidal treatment:

Back 52

Restrict exercise.
Admisister macrocyclic lactone at preventive does 3-6 months prior.

Front 53

What is the only licensed product to treat adult heartworms?

Back 53

Melarsomine=Immiticide
2 doses / 2 day regimen or 3 dose split regimen.

Front 54

Where do you give Melarsomine?

Back 54

In the rear epaxial muscles.

Front 55

How long does it take for the worm to disappear from the body?

Why is this problematic?

Back 55

4-8 weeks.

The bodies may embolize in the lungs. This is why we limit exercise.

Front 56

Why is monthly prophylactic treatment not effective?

Back 56

Macrocyclic lactones are not desigend to be adultacidals. They don't work well enough.

Front 57

How long does it take for the antigens to be cleared after treating for heartworms?

Back 57

6-7 months.

Front 58

Whar are the approved microfilaric drugs?

Back 58

None.

Front 59

How do you treat heartworm microfilaria?

Back 59

Use macrocyclic lactone preventive to kill microfilaria rapidly or over time.
Milbemycin & ivermectin (6-9 months)

Front 60

What do heartworm preventative drugs target?

Back 60

L4 & L5 only.

Front 61

Know the schedule for treating heartworms.

Back 61

http://www.heartwormsociety.org/veterinary-resources/canine-guidelines.html#8

Front 62

Heartworm prophylaxis

Back 62

Ivermectin -- oral
Milbemycin -- oral
selamectin -- small volume topical
Moxidectin -- small volume topical & 6 month injectable

Front 63

When do you want to start an animal on heartworm prevention?

Back 63

8 weeks or earlier.

Front 64

Which heartworm preventative crosses the blood-brain barrier?

Back 64

Ivermectin in p-glycoprotein deficient dogs.

Do not use livestock ivermectin products for heartworm prevention because it's too concentrated.

Front 65

What are the relative halflives of heartworm preventatives?

Back 65

Ivermectin (1-2 days) < Milbemycin < Selamectin < Moxidectin (20+ days)

Dosing kills immature larva possibly obtained the month before.

Front 66

What heartworm screening test should be done for cats?

Back 66

Both antigen and antibody tests.

Front 67

What does heartworm antigen positive mean?

Back 67

Infected with adult worms.

Front 68

What does heartworm antibody positive mean?

Back 68

Has been exposed. May or may not be infected.

Front 69

How good is the adultacidal treatment for heartworms in cats?

Back 69

Not good. 40% fatal.
We use supportive therapy and use heartworm preventative treatment.
Worms have short lives so we hope the cat outlives them.

Front 70

What are the signs of a heartworm infection in cats?

Back 70

Respiratory distress.

Front 71

Do you need to test for heartworms before beginning preventative treatment?

Back 71

Yes, the packaging says so.

Front 72

Trypanosoma cruzi

Back 72

Euglenozoa.
Intracellular.

Zoonotic!

Front 73

Clinical problems of T. cruzi?

Back 73

1.
Dilitative cardiomyopathy in middleage dogs. Direct damage to the heart muscle. Chronic progressive disease
Heart failure.
D. immitins negative.

2.
Rapid, fatal myocarditis in young pups.

3.
Electrical conduction disturbances.
Artial fibrillation. Premature ventricular contractions.
A.V. block.

Front 74

Diagnosis of T. cruzi?

Back 74

Radiographs/ECG
ID trypomastigotes in blood films (early infection)
Serology.

Front 75

Treatment of T. cruzi?

Back 75

None. Supportive only.

Front 76

What do Aleurostrongylus abstrusus, Filaroides hirthi, Filaroides osleri, Capillaria aerophila, Capillaria boehmi, and Paragonimus kellicotti have in common?

Back 76

All respiratory pathogens.

Front 77

Which respiratory worm causes tracheal nodules?

Back 77

Filaroides osleri

Front 78

What fluke is found in the lungs?

Back 78

Paragonimus kellicotti

Front 79

Life cycle of Dracunculu insignis?

Back 79

Indirect LC. Aquatic copepods are IH. DH is minks, raccoons, dogs, and cats. Subcutaneous. Drink contaminated water with L3 in the copepod.

Front 80

What are the two urinary tract worms?

Back 80

Capillaria plica & Dioctophyma renale

Front 81

What is the life cycle of Dioctophyma?

Back 81

Indirect life cycle. IH = Annelid worms (freshwater aquatic). DH = dogs and other carnivores. Ingestion of IH/PH.

Front 82

Eggs of Dioctophyma?

Back 82

Barrel-shaped pitted eggs in urine sediment.