Dog And Cat Nutrition 1 - 4

Front 1

1 kc

Back 1

4.18 kj

Front 2

Loss of body water? 10% or 15%

Back 2

15% - death

10% - Serious illness

Front 3

Dry food water %?

Back 3

10%

abt 6-10% water so 90 - 94% dry matter.

Front 4

Canned food water %?

Back 4

85%

Front 5

Kcal of fat, protein and carbs?

Back 5

fat - 9.4kcal/g
Protein - 4.4kcal/g
Carbs - 4.14kcal/g

estimates - actual depends of the digestive efficacy and composition of the diet.

Front 6

BER

Back 6

Basal Energy Requirement - this is the energy needed for a healthy resting animal in the post-absorbtive - unfed state in a thermoneutral environment.

Front 7

RER

Back 7

Resting Energy Requirement is the same as the BER except also the energy needed for assimilation of food and the recovery from physical activity.


RER is the same as the REE - Resting Energy Expenditure.

RER (kcal) = 70 X (current body weight in kg)^0.75

OR if the animal is btwn 2kg and 30kg you can use this linear equation.

RER (kcal) = (30 x Current body weight in kg) + 70

Front 8

MER

Back 8

Maintenance Energy Requirement is the energy needed by an animal with a moderately active life at home. Usually a multiple of RER.

1.6 - 1.8 X RER for DOGs

and

1.2 - 1.4 X RER for CATs

Front 9

What is the caloric density of premium quality food?

Back 9

3.4 - 4.4 kc ME/gm

Front 10

Advantages of Canned Pet food?

Back 10

Sterile, fewer preservatives, cooked in can, contains more water.

Some are complete balance rations of a meal and some meat to be a treat.

Front 11

Disadvantages of Canned Pet Food?

Back 11

Spoil if left out, low quality can have coloured vege protein that is textured to look like meat, fannot feed free choice, does not prevent plaque, expensive, gormet ones not balanced.

Front 12

Homemade diets?

Back 12

Recipe should be computer balanced.
Meat only diets = deficiencies in; Ca, fatty acids, sodium , copper, iodine and vitamins A, D and E.

Front 13

BARF diets

Back 13

Risk of bacterial toxin ingestion - E. Coli, Salmonella and Clostridium Peferingens.
Cats with raw diets are much more likely to have Toxoplasmosis.

Front 14

Additives?

Back 14

colour, flavour, resistance to spoilage, texture, stability.
Preservatives retard decay and discolouration.
-antioxidants, antimicrobials etc.

Front 15

What is the Fuction of Antioxidants in foods?

Back 15

protect fats from oxidative destruction and rancidity.
Vegetable oils, animal fats and fat soluble vitamins (A,D,E & K) are all subject to rancidity.

- offensive colour and flavour, loss of nutritional quality, forms degradation compounds = harm to the animal.

Front 16

What are some anti-oxidants used?

Back 16

Tocopherols (forms of Vit E), BHA, BHT, Ethoxyquin - this chemical has been blamed for many problems but the FDA cannot find evidence for this.

Front 17

Colouring agents?

Back 17

Carotene, iron oxide, coal, tar derivatives, azo dyes, nonazo dyes.

Front 18

Colour preservatives?

Back 18

Nitrites, Bisulphites, and ascorbate.

Front 19

Chemicals that affect texture of the animal food?

Back 19

gums, glycerine, glycerides, modified starch - prevent separation of food to provide a gravy or sauce.

Front 20

What is Phosphoric acid used for?

Back 20

Palatability enhancer on dry cat food.

Front 21

What are Digests?

Back 21

Hydrolysed animal tissues - sprayed or dusted on dry animal food - increase palatability.

Front 22

Food additives known to cause reactions in humans?

Back 22

Glutamate, azo dyes, BHA (antioxidant), spices, sodium alginate, guar gum, Benzoates.

Front 23

What are the nutrients animals will seek out to feed their needs?

Back 23

Water, energy and in some cases sodium.

Front 24

Pet food labels?

Back 24

1.) Pricipal Display Panel; Brand name, product name, statement of intent, the net weight, flags etc., picture or a slogan.
2.) Statutory panel; Ingredient statement, product description, feeding guidelines, nutrient declaration, additives declaration, Manufacturor names and distributor address.

MUST NOT CLAIM TO PREVENT OF CURE DISEASE.

The % of water must be listed if over 14%

EU states that the conc's of protein, oil, fibre, ash are listed AS FED.

Front 25

How do nutritionist evaluate food?

Back 25

On a dry matter basis, ie. the water percentage is subtracted from 100 then the dry matter is remaining.
Then the nutrient in question is then divided by the percent of dry matter.

Front 26

Can only clain to treat when?

Back 26

is a prescription diet and those are usually only sold by a veterinarian.

Front 27

ad libitum?

Back 27

free choice

Front 28

time restricted feeding?

Back 28

animal can eat all it wants for a restricted time, like 20 mins.

Front 29

feeding frequency?

Back 29

2 x a day for pregnant dogs, lactating dogs, giant breed, pups over 3 mths.

Large ,Deep chested dog - risk for gastric dilation volvus if fed less thn twice a day.

Feeding small breeds of dogs infrequently can predispose them to Hypoglycaemia.

Puppy
3-6 wks = free choice
6 wks to 3 mths = 3x day

Front 30

5 vital assessments?

Back 30

temp
pulse
respiratory
pain
nutrition

Front 31

Nutrition assessment? - Screening evaluation

Back 31

Screening evaluation should be performed for each pet at each visit.
It includes diet history, body weight, body condition score, muscle condition score, evaluation of the coat, for overweight pets - body mass index.

BCS - evaluates fat but there can be fat gain and mucsle loss during illness - neurohormonal effects and cytokine effects of the metabolism.

Front 32

Supplementing puppies?

Back 32

with vitamins and minerals when they are on a high quality diet is not necessary and may be harmful.

Weaning @ 7 - 8 wks

Can introduce canned food at 4 - 6 wks.

Front 33

Kittens?

Back 33

Weaning - 7 - 8 wks.

canned food at 4 wks.

Fed good quality kitten food until the age of neutering.

Front 34

Pregnancy diet - dogs?

Back 34

last 3 - 4 wks of gestation, whole gestation is abt 9 wks in dogs and cats.

From the 6th week, increase the feed allowance by 10% each week.

Front 35

Pregangcy diet - CATS?

Back 35

Foetal growth is very active throughout pregnancy - increased amout at the time of conception.

Front 36

Queen Diet - Lactation?

Back 36

2 - 4 x more energy required for maintenance

Front 37

Bitch Lactation diet?

Back 37

Average litter size

1st week = 1.5 X maintenance
2nd week = 2 X
3rd week = 3 X

Increased water intake.

Front 38

Working dogs?

Back 38

Guide, Agility, Hunting, Rescue, sheep and cattle dogs, sledge dogs, racing dogs, Guard or Patrol dogs,

3 - 4 X maintenance energy - Heavy work

Agility and hunting 2 - 3 X maintenance.

DIET should be atleast 24% of the calories from Protein.

Front 39

Older dogs?

Back 39

Dogs older thn 8 yrs need about 1/5th less energy than 1 year old dogs. this is due to decreased musclle mass and decreased activity.
- this is not the same for cats.

Front 40

Cats & age?

Back 40

protein digestion decreases - sometimes fat digestion too.
Thin or obese - both increase the risk of mortality.

Front 41

Over weight versus obese?

Back 41

Overweight - 10% above
Obeses - 20% excess body fat.

Obeses dogs - Musculoskeletal problems, compromised immune fxn, abnormal glucose tolerance, anaesthetic problems, heat or exercise intolerance.

Obese cats - Dibabetes mellitus, hepatic lipidosis, musculoskeletal problems, early mortality.

Front 42

Fasting?

Back 42

Can lead to permenant reduced metabolic rate.
In Cats it can lead to hepatic lipidosis - can be fatal.

Front 43

Cat digestion?

Back 43

Obligate carnivores.
DON'T HAVE HEPATIC GLUCOKINASE = less glycogen storage in the liver and higher blood glucose when given a fatty meal. Cats also have limited AMYLASE in pancreas.
Cats fed high protein meal - lower post-prandial blood glucose than cats fed a high glucose meal.

NOT MUCH LASTASE = Diarrhoea when given lots of milk.

Kittens need 30% Protein
Adult cats 26%

Meal should be 19% protein.

Front 44

Cats - What amino acid can't they make?

Back 44

Taurine - meat. They can only make a little of taurine but need lots of it because their body uses taurine for bile acid conjugation. Deficiency Typical in cats fed dog food.
Associated with infertility, retinal blindness, dialated cardiomyopathy.

CATS NEED Omega-6 fatty acid - linoleic acid AND
ARACHIDONIC ACID.

Front 45

Deficiencies in Arachidonic acid in cats causes?

Back 45

Decreased reproductive performance and decreased platelet aggregation.

Not common.

Front 46

Cats - What vitamin can't they make?

Back 46

Vit A.

Deficencies can cause - night blindness, problems with bone structure, poor coat condition, lowered fertility, respiratory disease.

VIT D - cannot make it from sunlight.

Vit B - ninacin - get from meat.

Front 47

Vit A toxicity in CATS?

Back 47

If fed Liver Based pr Cod liver oil diets.

signs of toxicity - pain & stiffness of neck. lethargy, depression, irritability, poor grooming, lameness, gingivitis, bony exotoses.

Front 48

Cats - high fish diet?
Large amt of Poly-unsaturated fats

Back 48

Increases the need for VIT E, this is an antioxidant and prevents the cat's body fat from undergoing rancidity.
Rancidity can cause; anorexia, fever, pain, nodules under the skin.

Some fish contain Thiamine destroying enzymes = give more VIT B.
Thiamin is also destroyed in over cooking and processing. Sulphite preservative used to preserve meat can also degrade thiamin.
Thiamin deficency = ataxia, blindness, ventroflexion.