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234 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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SI Prefixes
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M^6,k^3,u^-6,p^-12
Mega, Kilo, Micro, Pico |
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Work
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force though distance
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Force
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change of speed or direction
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Energy
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ability to do work
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Kinetic energy
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energy of motion
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Potential energy
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energy of position
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Thermal energy
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heat energy
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Chemical energy
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new substances are produced
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Atomic #
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(z) protons
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Atomic Mass #
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(A of the X format) protons and neutrons
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Atomic Mass unit
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AMU (Protons and Neutrons)
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Atomic Weight is also
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% abundance
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Periods are what
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rows
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Groups are what
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columns
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Valance Shell is part of a
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ground state atom
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Valance Electron found where
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electrons in a valance shell (outer shell of ground state atom)
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Nucleon means
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neutrons and protons
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Nuclide
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constitution of the nucleus
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Isotope
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same # protons, different # of neutrons
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Mass and energy
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are interchangeable
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Pair annihilation
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2 particles collide make energy
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Mass defect
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sum of masses of p+e+n minus mass of the atom
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Binding Energy
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binds the nucleus
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BE per nucleon
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BE / # nucleuons
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Fission
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splitting
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Criticality for fission to the
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point of seperation
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Criticality happens when
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new = old
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Fusion
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joins
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Terrestrial radiation
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28mrem
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Cosmic radiation
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27mrem
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Internal emitters
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39mrem
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Inhaled (Radon)
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200mrem
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Nuclear fallout yr. dose
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<1mrem
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Medical exposure
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53mrem
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Consumer products
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10mrem
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Nuclear facilities dose caused
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<1mrem
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Nuclear stability
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arrangement of n & p
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Nuclear force changes with charge T/F
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F. It is independant of charge
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Increase in Z#
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p/n ratio increase
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Radioactivity
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spontaneously emit radiation
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Radioactive decay
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spontaneously disintegrates
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Alpha has how many protons and neutrons
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2 p, 2 n
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Beta charge and AMU
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-1 charge, 5.49E-4 AMU
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Gamma. Is what and how shield
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excited nuclei, use lead (high Z material)
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Alpha Decay changes Z by what
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Z-2
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Beta Decay change Z by what
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Z+1
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Positron Decay change Z by what
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Z-1, (+beta)
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2 aspects of decay
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Modes, Rate
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Fission products cause by
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too big a n/p ratio
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Radioactive series
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Uranium (238-222-206) -3 down left (222 -3 = 219 also)
Actinium (235-219-207) +1 down right Thorium (232-220-208) Neptunium (artificatal) |
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Curie is how many dpm
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2.22 E12 dpm of radium
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Becquerel how many dps
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1 dps = 60dpm
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Roentgen is a unit of
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exposure
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Rad defined
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absorbed dose 100 ergs/g
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Gray
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1J/kg or 100 Rad
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H=DQ what the letters mean in the equation
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H=rem or sievert, D=Rad or gray,Q=quality factor
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Dose equivalent
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absorbed dose * quality factor
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Quality factors
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Rays=1, slow=3, fast=10, alpha=20
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what Ionization mean on atom
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removal of an electron of a neutral atom
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Excitation does what in an atom
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moves to a higher energy state
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Bremsstrahlung lose engergy how
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energy loss as it reacts with matter
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Specific ionization
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ion pairs/path length
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Stopping power
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removes energy
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Alpha transfer
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ionization, excitation
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Beta transfer
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Ionization, excitation, Bremsstrahlung
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Possible Gamma interactions
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Photoelectric effect, compton scatter, and pair production
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Photoelectric effect
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all or nothing energy loss
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Compton scattering
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only part of the energy is transferred
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Pair production
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disappears (turns to energy) need >1.002Mev
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4 catagories of neutrons
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thermal (~.025eV), intermediate (0.5eV), fast (100KeV), relativistic (>20MeV) (Thermal Interactions Fry Ray)
.25 x 2 = .5 * 2 = 1(00) * 2 = 2(0) |
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3 results of neurton capture
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gamma, fission, charged particles
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Elastic scattering
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strikes and transfers SOME of its energy
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Inelastic scattering
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strikes, transfers MOST of the energy
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Cell Membrane does what, rad to damage
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regulates concentrations, 3-5k rads to rupture
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Cytoplasm
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jelly stuff, negligible
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Mitochondria function and dose to damage
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supplies energy ("power plants"), few k rad to disrupt
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Lysosomes
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digestive enzymes, 500-1k rads to rupture
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Cell Nucleus
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directs cell activity, most sensitive
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Chromosomes
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supercoils of DNA
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Bergonie and Tribondeau law
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radiosensitivity is directly proportional to its reproductive capability
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Water (undersure what I was after)
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free radical and ion
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(what causes) secondary (cell damage?)
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hydrogen peroxide
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Stochastic
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no threshold, cancer (unsure how much dose to cause)
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Non-stochastic
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threshold, cataracts, infertility (x amount of dose cause damage)
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LD 50/30
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50% of exposed die w/in 30days
About 300 - 500 rad |
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Chronic radiation
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low dose, long time,cancer
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Hematopoietic system rad to damage
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200-1000 rad
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GI tract rad to damage and results in
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1-5k rad, weight loss
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Central NS rad to cause damage
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>5k rad, death
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4 stages of rad poisoning
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prodromal, latent,illness, recovery or death
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Fetal doses for development changes, and death of fetus
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25 rad=development changes, 400-600 rad=death of fetus
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Somatic effects are passed on T/F
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F. They are not passed on
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Heritable effect are passed on T/F
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T. They are passed on
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Purpose of the DOE rad manual
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don't get dose unless it benificial
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Shall mean in DOE
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Mandatory (Must do)
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Should mean to DOE
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follow or find alternate
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Pre-job ALARA purpose
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risk analysis of getting dose
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Pre-job brief should include
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procedures, emergencies, qualifications (PEQs) mind you P and Qs
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Post-job ALARA
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unusual exposure events investigated
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Post-job briefing
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critique work performance
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Minimizing personal exposure
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time, distance, shielding, amount of material
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6CEN. What the letters mean in this, and what is the unit of the anwser
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C=Source activity, E=(gamma1 X %)+(gamma 2 X%), N=# fo gamma/disintegrations
C in Curie. E in Mev, N in decimal (90% = .9) UNIT is R/HR @ 1ft. |
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Source reduction done how
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decay, decon, reduce, discharge, move
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Line source equation
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i1*d1=i2*d2 until L/2 then point source
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Point source equation
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i1*d1^2=i2*d2^2
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shielding equalation for HLV
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I =Io X (.5)^n n=thickness / HLV layer
o =original (before shielding) |
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define ALI
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the amount of a single radionuclide if inhaled over a year would cause limit of whole body dose
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DAC is figured how
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divide ALI by the volume
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Biological 1/2 life relies on physical 1/2 life T/F
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F. It is independent of the physical 1/2 life
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Blocking agent
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saturates with a stable element
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Dilyting agent
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reduces the bodies incorporation radioactive atoms
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Mobilizing agent
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increases the natural turnover process
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Chelating agent
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insoluable to soluable
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Current is what units and defined
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amp, electrons past a piont in a circuit
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Voltage
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volts, potential difference
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Resistance
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ohms, opposes flow
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Ionization detectors
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ion pairs, (GM tubes) check this answer
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Excitation detectors
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excites the atom (TLDs)
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Chemical detectors work how and examples
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causes a chemical change (film badges)
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Gas amplication curve
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RIPLGC (Rest In Peace Little GM counter)
Recombine, Ionization, Proportional, Limited Pro, GM, Continuous discharge |
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Ion chamber region works how
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measure ions before they can recombine
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Proportional detectors work how
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single very large pulse (check this, looks like GM instead)
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Resolving time
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initial pulse to next pulse MEASURED
(Resolve problems with Measured goals) |
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Dead time
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initial pulse to next pulse PRODUCED
(Dead time Produces nothing) |
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Recovery time
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full size pulse to next FULL sized pulse
(sleep is Recovery time to be Full of energy) |
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Gas filled detector discrimination
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shielding, gas specific, pulse heigth
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Scintillation detector works how
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excitation, emits light when excited
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Photomultiplier does what
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detect scintillation
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Photocathode works how
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converts lightphotons to electrons
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Dynode assembly purpose
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amplify the signal
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Anode does what
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collect the electron and generates a pulse
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Voltage didvider network
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splits the high voltage into potentials
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Shell [of the instrument]
(unsure of question here) |
seals the tube
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Boron activation used for and how works
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slow neutron detection, strike Boron-10, alpha emitted
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Fission chambers work how
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slow neutron detection, U-235
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Activation Foils purpose
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slow neutron detection, absorb neutrons of a specific energy
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Proton recoil use for what
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fast neutron detection, elastic scattering with Hydrogen atoms
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Semiconductor detectors work
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electrons moves from the valance to conduction leaving holes (electron-hole pairs)
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GeLi system pros and cons of using
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High resolution, short responce time, gamma only, keep cool
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HPGe system pros and cons
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portable, room temperature, expensive
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Dose equivalent in rem equation
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rads*Q
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Minimize ingestion by
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not eating or chewing
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Fission products contain too many
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neutrons
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Which neutron has the least amount of K.E.?
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thermal
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Th effective 1/2 life is <,>,= to the radioactive 1/2 life?
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< (less then)
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EES refers to what
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English system
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Q relates____to ____?
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absorbed dose to dose equivalent
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Going 65mph convert feet per second is
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95 ft/sec
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174 millirad is how many micrograys
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1.74E+03
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20 Celsius convert to Fahrenheit
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68
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88 Fahrenheit convert to Celsius
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31
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Units of English system
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foot, pound, second
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4.215 Kelvin convert to Celsius
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268.95
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5 gallons = how many liters
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18.9
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Units of CGS system
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Centimeter, gram, second
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lead density is 11.4 g/cm3 convert to lbs/in3
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0.41 lbs/in3
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1/6 + 5/21 =
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17/42
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(-3) - (-2) - (-4) -7 =
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-4
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421.3 - 8.9999 =
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412.3001
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(4)(3)(2) / (-6)(2) =
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-2
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(-8) - (-5) =
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-3
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convert to decimal 3/8 =
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0.375
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convert to fraction 0.015 =
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15/1000
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convert to precent 1.05 =
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105%
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convert to fraction 0.604 =
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604/1000
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Define nuclide
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specific combination of neutron and protons
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14/21 ÷ 2/7 =
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14/21 × 7/2 = 2/3 × 7/2 = 7/3 = 2 1/3
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5.2 ÷ 1.4 =
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3.7143
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Convert the following fraction to decimal 13/39
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0.3333
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decimal to fraction 0.125
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125/1000 = 1/8
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(2 × 10-2 )(3 × 102) =
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6 × 10-4
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7(42 - 10) ÷ (12 - ¾) =
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7(16 - 10) ÷ 9 = 7(6) ÷ 9 = 42 ÷ 9 = 4.667
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3 years = how many seconds
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94,672,800 secs
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Solution is 2000 dpm/gallon what in uCi/ml
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2.38 e -7 uCi/ml (1 liter = .264 gal, and 1000 ml, 1 dpm = 4.5 e-07 uCi)
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equation to convert *F to *C
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*C = (*F-32) / 1.8
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equation to convert *C to K
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K = *C + 273.15
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1.02-20 An air sampler has run for 18 hours, 15 minutes at 60 liters per minute. When collected and analyzed the sample reads 7685 disintegrations per minute (dpm). What is the concentration of the sample in microcuries/cm3?
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5.26e-11 uCi/cc
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1 inch = cm
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2.54 cm
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mile = ft
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5280 ft
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1 oz = G (gram)
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28.35
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1 amu = Mev
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931.5 Mev
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1 gal = liters
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3.8 liters
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stability is governed by what
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particular combination and arrangement of neutrons and protons in a given nucleus
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define radioactive
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spontaneously emit radiation
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define radioactive decay.
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spontaneously disintegrates (or is transformed) by one or more discrete energy steps until a stable state
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Mass of Beta proton
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5.5e-4 amu
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1 roentgen = coulombs/kg of air
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2.6e-4 coulombs/kg of air
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Rad = ergs
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100 ergs of energy in one gram of any material
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1 R = ergs/g
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87 ergs/g
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1 Sv = rem
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100 rem
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A Phosphorous-32 source has a half-life of 14.28 days and had an activity of 75,000 dpm as of 12/2/92. What was the activity as of 12/28/92?
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21,230.9 dpm
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A radon air sample was collected and then counted 4 hours later. If the sample count showed an activity of 5E4 pCi, what was the activity on the sample at the time it was collected? (Radon-222 has a half-life of 3.8235 days)
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51534 pCi
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A 137Cs source has an activity of 750 mCi, with a half-life of 30.17 years. How long will it take for the source to be read less than 100 mCi?
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87.7 years
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An air sample was collected in a thorium storage building and was counted immediately, yielding 2.5E3 pCi/l. The sample was recounted 5 minutes later giving an activity of only 59.4 pCi/l. What is the half-life and the most likely isotope on the sample?
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55.6 seconds - Radon-220 (Thoron)
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define Ionization
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removal of a bound electron
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define excitation
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moves (occupies) a higher energy state
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Linear Energy Transfer (LET) is
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average energy locally deposited in an absorber
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Stopping power is
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average energy lost by a charged particle per unit distanced travelled
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Range is
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Inversely related to the stopping power
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W-Value is
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average amount of energy needed to create an ion pair in a given medium
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Alpha collisions
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1) ionization and/or 2) excitation.
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energy transfer for beta particulate
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Bremsstrahlung, ionization , excitation
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describe photoelectric effect and energy needed
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is an all-or-none energy loss. <1 Mev
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describle Compton scattering and energy needed
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is a partial energy loss 0.2Mev - 5 Mev
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describle Pair production and energy needed
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energy of the photon is converted to mass. > 1.022 Mev
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What year was the first recommend dose issued and by whom
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1934 by ICRP
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What year FRC made part of EPA
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1970
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What year NRC formed
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1974
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Skin (shallow dose) Density-thickness
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7 mg/cm2
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Lens of the eye Density-thickness
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300 mg/cm2
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Whole body (deep dose) Density-thickness
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1000 mg/cm2
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Determine the exposure rate at 1 ft for a 1‑Ci point source of Cesium-137 that emits a 662 keV gamma in 85% of the disintegrations.
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3.38 R/hr
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"
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0.564 R/hr or 564 mR/hr
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Calculate the exposure rate at 1 foot for a 400-mCi 192Ir which emits the following gammas: 0.316 MeV (87%), 0.486 MeV (52%), 0.308 MeV (32%), 0.295 MeV (30%).
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1.715 R/hr
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A contaminated system pump has been replaced with a rebuilt pump and the replaced pump must be rebuilt prior to the next replacement. Assume the 1 Ci mixture of radionuclides contained in the pump has a half-life of 40 days. In 80 days what would the original activity in the pump be reduced to?
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0.25 Ci
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A worker is performing valve maintenance in a 120 mR/hr gamma radiation field and expects the work to take 90 minutes. What will his total exposure be for the job?
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180 mR
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A worker must enter a 2.5 R/hr gamma radiation field to perform work as part of a team working on a radioactive effluent tank. His accumulated equivalent dose for the month is 120 mrem. If the monthly ALARA guideline is 600 mrem, what is his stay time in the area?
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11.5 min
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An individual must enter a mixed gamma/neutron radiation field for emergency repair work. The radiation field consists of 2,500 mR/hr gamma, and 500 mrad/hr thermal neutron. Assuming the individual has received 340 mrem of his allowable 600 mrem for the month, what is the maximum stay time allowed?
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3.9 min
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A 1 Ci point source of 137Cs has a gamma exposure rate of 3.38 R/hr at 1 ft. What would the exposure rate be at 3 ft?
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0.376 R/hr or 376 mR/hr
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A 1 Ci point source of 60Co has an exposure rate of 15.03 R/hr at 1 ft. At what distance would the exposure rate be 100 mR/hr?
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12.26 ft
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A small diameter pipe containing radioactive resin has a length of 10 ft. The exposure rate at 1 foot is 5 R/hr. What is the exposure rate at 4 ft?
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1.25 R
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A small diameter pipe containing radioactive resin has a length of 10 ft. The exposure rate at 1 foot is 5 R/hr. What is the exposure rate at 15 ft?
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0.111 R/hr or 111 mR/hr at 15 ft
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Calculate the shielded exposure rate from a 500 mR/hr 137Cs source with 5 cm of lead shielding. The HVL for 137Cs and lead is 0.65 cm.
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2.4 mR/hr
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Calculate the shielded exposure rate from a 7.4 R/hr 137Cs source with 4 cm of lead shielding. The HVL for 137Cs and lead is 0.65 cm.
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0.104 R/hr or 104 mR/hr
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Calculate the #TVL and the thickness of lead required to reduce the exposure rate from a 7.5R/hr 60Co source to less than 100 mR/hr. One TVL for 60Co and lead is 4.0 cm.
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#TVL = 1.88; lead thickness = 7.5 cm
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Calculate the #TVL and the thickness of lead required to reduce the exposure rate from a 450 mR/hr 60Co source to less than 5 mR/hr. One TVL for 60Co and lead is 4.0 cm.
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#TVL = 1.95; lead thickness = 7.8 cm
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How much air breathed by an average worker during a working year
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2400m3
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1) Determine the effective half-life of tritium if the biological half-life is 10 days and the physical half-life is 12.3 years.
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Te=9.9978 days
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Determine the effective half-life of 59Fe if the biological half-life is 2000 days and the physical half-life is 44.56 days.
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Te = 43.589 days
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Opposite electrical charges of equal value cancel each other out. T/F
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T
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Opposite electrical charges attract each other
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T
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Like electrical charges repel each other. T/F
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T
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Estimate the exposure rate at 2 meters from a 1.8 Ci point source of 60Co that emits
two gammas (1.173 MeV and 1.332 MeV) for every disintegration. |
0.564 R/hr or 564 mR/hr
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Calculate the exposure rate at 1 foot for a 400-mCi 192Ir which emits the following gammas: 0.316 MeV (87%), 0.486 MeV (52%), 0.308 MeV (32%), 0.295 MeV (30%).
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1.715 R/hr
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