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58 Cards in this Set
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DNA Replication
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the process of making identical copies of DNA before cell division
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https://o.quizlet.com/i/mdFqlVBk-SfgwO3P9LmPCA_m.jpg
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Origin of Replication
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Specific sequence of DNA where DNA synthesis begins.
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https://o.quizlet.com/i/MGikb71erL1bN0QnDxV6Kw_m.jpg
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replication fork
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A Y-shaped region on a replicating DNA molecule where new strands are growing. (The replication fork is half of the replication bubble.)
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https://o.quizlet.com/0VZNrB4E.eEGPeFj9e6JZg_m.png
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Semiconservative replication
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Each half of an original DNA molecule serves as a templete for a new strand, and the two new DNA molecules each have one old and one new strand.
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https://o.quizlet.com/07XAKTg9.l8bDT9z8Tj0Ww_m.jpg
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helicase
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An enzyme that unwinds the double helix of DNA and separates the DNA strands in preparation for DNA replication.
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https://o.quizlet.com/OSY2oHYqSHAPT1dYdwsMHQ_m.jpg
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DNA Polymerase III
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Enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule. Main enzymes that copies the template strand into the new strand in prokaryotes.
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https://o.quizlet.com/OSY2oHYqSHAPT1dYdwsMHQ_m.jpg
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RNA Primer
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Sequence of RNA nucleotides bound to a region of single-stranded DNA to initiate DNA replication.
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https://o.quizlet.com/WRs5YaEmdd-Gj6Czg1C3hw_m.jpg
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leading strand
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the strand of DNA that is continuously synthesized during replication
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https://o.quizlet.com/WRs5YaEmdd-Gj6Czg1C3hw_m.jpg
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lagging strand
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The strand that is synthesized in fragments using individual sections called Okazaki fragments
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https://o.quizlet.com/WRs5YaEmdd-Gj6Czg1C3hw_m.jpg
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Okazaki fragments
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Small fragments of DNA produced on the lagging strand during DNA replication, joined later by DNA ligase to form a complete strand.
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https://o.quizlet.com/2VMkVaaPLfwAfI.eiQjgAA_m.jpg
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DNA ligase
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enzyme which connects the individual okazaki fragments on the lagging strand by forming covalent bonds
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https://o.quizlet.com/WRs5YaEmdd-Gj6Czg1C3hw_m.jpg
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direction of replication
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[5 to 3 direction]; enzyme can only add on the 3 prime end, leading to okazaki fragments
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topoisomerase
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A protein that functions in DNA replication, helping to relieve strain in the double helix ahead of the replication fork.
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https://o.quizlet.com/WRs5YaEmdd-Gj6Czg1C3hw_m.jpg
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single-strand binding proteins (SSBs)
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Holds the separate strands apart so they are unable to pull back together. Allows template strand to be copied.
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Nuclease
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A DNA cutting enzyme that excises (removes) DNA, especially damaged DNA.
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https://o.quizlet.com/i/P-vpThOepeiqDCF-x1_1Kg_m.jpg
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double helix
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The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent polynucleotide strands wound into a spiral shape.
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https://farm8.staticflickr.com/7109/7445337412_46aac1a164_m.jpg
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RNA primase
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An enzyme that creates a short RNA primer for initiation of DNA replication.
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https://o.quizlet.com/WRs5YaEmdd-Gj6Czg1C3hw_m.jpg
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adenine
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A nitrogen base found in DNA and RNA. It pairs with thymine in DNA and with uracil in RNA
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https://o.quizlet.com/i/xL5JHWkpjNnMP1EP3XYYFg_m.jpg
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guanine
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A nitrogen base found in both DNA and RNA; pairs only with cytosine.
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https://o.quizlet.com/i/jOxo8bYLDx7neqpkVBBeVQ_m.jpg
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thymine
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A nucleotide that pairs with adenine. Found only in DNA.
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https://o.quizlet.com/i/xL5JHWkpjNnMP1EP3XYYFg_m.jpg
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cytosine
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A nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA; pairs with guanine
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https://o.quizlet.com/i/jOxo8bYLDx7neqpkVBBeVQ_m.jpg
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hydrogen bond
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A weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of another polar molecule. It holds the DNA molecules together.
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https://o.quizlet.com/BxagYHADfejrpW8u9Dts2Q_m.jpg
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complimentary
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Refers to the base-pairing rules where A matches T and C matches G. (Apple in the tree. Car in the garage.)
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https://o.quizlet.com/cGpbzkTpxsDmbFkXBOiHfA_m.jpg
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base pairs
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Any of the pairs formed between complimentary bases in the two nucleotide chains of DNA, such as A-T and C-G (DNA); A-U and C-G (RNA).
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https://o.quizlet.com/cZLHqG0b9VXb8iEOFxwoVg_m.jpg
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mutation
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A change in the order of the bases in an organism's DNA; by deletion, insertion, or substitution.
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https://o.quizlet.com/k0SFMlPR2NUgSwgFwhEQOw_m.png
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trait
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A characteristic that an organism can pass on to its offspring through its genes.
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https://o.quizlet.com/i/CQ-DkUVZY6oYvjJxNg9AXQ_m.jpg
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Griffith Experiment
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- injected mice with harmful bacteria and they died. Heat killed harmful bacteria mixed with harmless and mice died. Discovered "bacterial transformation"
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Avery Experiment
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Used enzymes to break down everything (Lipase, protease, etc) prove that DNA was the transforming factor.
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https://o.quizlet.com/1G1jDgNOjakWCylKggXF0g_m.png
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Hershey & Chase Experiment
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Used radioactive material to label DNA and protein; infected bacteria passed on DNA; helped prove that DNA is genetic material not proteins.
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https://o.quizlet.com/r4vlFFJ.X5maMk4MPj4nOw_m.png
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Meselson & Stahl Experiment
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Used isotope of nitrogen to change the weight of DNA N15 & N14, demonstrated that the semi-conservative model is the best description of replication.
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https://o.quizlet.com/Q0ddfMbEmhmOVLd-PQbafA_m.png
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Beadle-Tatum Experiment
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Work on fungi lead to the one gene - one enzyme hypothesis. This was later revised to the one gene - one protein hypothesis.
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https://o.quizlet.com/SNVRgfoapK.efuj221nU8A_m.jpg
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Rosalind Franklin
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British scientist who took excellent x-Ray diffraction pictures that provided evidence of double helix.
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https://o.quizlet.com/hV8fWa3rz1pMQnSjL-CCLQ_m.jpg
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Maurice Wilkins
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Used X-ray crystallography to study the molecular structure of DNA. Worked with Franklin (did not collaborate well) to create a picture of the DNA molecule which allowed Watson and Crick to deduce the double helix structure of two strands.
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https://o.quizlet.com/tsvCUhvoL9J7pAeyHPaIOg_m.jpg
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Watson & Crick
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-Used Chargraff's Rules and Rosalind Franklins X-Ray diffraction to proposed DNA as a right handed double helix in which the two strands are antiparellel & the bases are stacked on one another
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https://o.quizlet.com/mjqaFaizAOpkV9JmoC9cTw_m.jpg
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antiparallel
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Format of two strands in DNA (one 3' to 5', other 5' to 3')
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https://o.quizlet.com/Vok.LL-nEc0dvrs5jFwEXA_m.png
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telomere
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Repeating nucleotide at the ends of DNA molecules that do not form genes and help prevent the loss of genes.
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telomerase
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An enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of the telomeres at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes
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ssb proteins
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-bind to open DNA to make sure two strands don't reanneal
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RNAase/ RNA nuclease
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catalyzes RNA hydrolysis (destroys RNA)
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tRNA
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Anticodons are found in this molecule
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rRNA
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makes up ribosomes
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ribosome
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brings codons of mRNA in association with tRNA to assemble proteins
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When the ribosome comes to a stop codon
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Protein synthesis stops. The protein is released.
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Start codon
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AUG
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What amino acid is coded for by the start codon?
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Methionine
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intron
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A noncoding, intervening sequence within a eukaryotic gene.
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exon
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sequence of mRNA that is spliced together to form the final mRNA sequence
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Uracil
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in RNA, binds to Adenine
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What protects mRNA from destruction by RNA nuclease?
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poly A tail and G cap
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Where does replication take place?
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In the nucleus
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Where does translation take place?
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In the cytoplasm
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When a mutation changes the codon to a stop codon and prematurely halts translation
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Nonsense mutation
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A mutation that inserts or deletes a base pair in a sequence of DNA
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Frame shift mutation
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A mutation in the 3rd nucleotide of a codon is often a
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Silent mutation
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The process that removes unused sequences of mRNA from a strand of mRNA and adds sequences to the ends to protect it is called
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Post-transcriptional processing
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What determines which side of the strand of DNA is used in transcription?
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RNA polymerase runs in a 5' to 3' direction, so it attaches to that side of DNA for transcription.
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The binding sequence for RNA polymerase in transcription
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a promoter
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____________must be present for RNA polymerase to bind to a promoter region in transcription.
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transcription factors
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