Dna & Rna

Front 1

What was Griffith's experiment?

Back 1

injected mice with pneumonia causing bacteria, injected one mouse with dead bacteria that causes disease and then injected alive ones in the same one that did not cause disease and mice dies

Front 2

What experiment did Avery, McLeod and McCarty perform?

Back 2

Removed protein coat and DNA coat from bacteria to determine what caused diseased, it was DNA

Front 3

What experiment did Hershey and Chase perform?

Back 3

Labelled DNA with phosphorus, labelled protein coat with Sulphur. Injected into two different bacteria cells. When they multiplied it showed radioactive phosphorus being passed down into all of the daughter bacteria

Front 4

Who discovered the shape of DNA?

Back 4

Crick and Watson

Front 5

What are 3 subunits of a nucleotide?

Back 5

phosphoric acid
pentose sugar
nitrogen containing base

Front 6

Which bases are purines?

Back 6

adenine guanine

Front 7

Which bases are pyrimidines?

Back 7

cytosine, uracil thymine

Front 8

Chargaff's rules

Back 8

purine = pyrimidines

Front 9

What bonds the bases of nucleotides?

Back 9

hydrogen bonds

Front 10

Why are opposites strands of DNA said to be antiparralel?

Back 10

They run in opposing 5' to 3' directions from each other

Front 11

What is the shape of DNA?

Back 11

double helix

Front 12

What are the differences between DNA and RNA?

Back 12

RNA has:
ribose sugar
single strand
uracil not thymine

Front 13

What are 3 different kinds of RNA?

Back 13

tRNA
mRNA
rRNA

Front 14

What are the functions of DNA?

Back 14

replication, mutation, storage information

Front 15

Describe DNA synthesis

Back 15

1.DNA helicase unzips DNA.
2. DNA polymerase enzyme joins these nucleotides of daughter DNA strand together
3. DNA is synthesized in only 5' to 3' direction
4. Leading strand and lagging strand that is joined together in fragments known as Okazaki fragments
5. DNA ligase joins Okazaki fragments together

Front 16

Which enzyme proofreads DNA during DNA replication?

Back 16

DNA polymerase

Front 17

What is semiconservative replication?

Back 17

one old DNA strand + one new DNA strand

Front 18

what is it called when a section of DNA codes for a specific protein?

Back 18

One gene one polypeptide hypothesis

Front 19

What are ribosomes made of?

Back 19

rRNA and proteins

Front 20

Where does protein synthesis occur?

Back 20

in cytoplasm

Front 21

Where does transcription take place?

Back 21

in nucleus

Front 22

Where does translation take place?

Back 22

cytoplasm

Front 23

What points to universal evolution regarding codons?

Back 23

codons are universal for their corresponding amino acid

Front 24

Describe the process of transcription

Back 24

1. DNA unzipped
2. RNA polymerase makes mRNA with corresponding base
3. mRNA is then processed by nucleus before it exits in which introns are removed by enzymes called ribozymes

Front 25

Introns

Back 25

segments of DNA not used in translation

Front 26

Exons

Back 26

segments of DNA that are expressed

Front 27

Which enzyme remove introns?

Back 27

Ribozymes, not protein but RNA molecule

Front 28

What does translation involve?

Back 28

tRNa, mRNA, ribosomes

Front 29

Describe the structure of a ribosome

Back 29

small subunit: 1 RNA molecule and proteins
large subunit: 2 RNA molecule and proteins

Front 30

Describe process of translation

Back 30

1. mRNA goes into cytoplasm
2. ribosome hold 2 tRNA complexes at a time
3. EPA, at P site is where first tRNA is, when a new tRNA comes in at A site, the tRNA's amino acid on the P site will bond to the amino acid of the tRNA on the A site leaving it for the A site.
4. the ribosome shifts over and the tRNA in the now E site will leave and another tRNA molecule that is complimentary to mRNA will come into the newly empty A site

Front 31

Where is the energy found in a tRNA strand?

Back 31

between its bond with its amino acid

Front 32

Which enzyme ensure the right amino acid joins the right tRNA?

Back 32

tRNA synthetase

Front 33

What is a codon and anticodon?

Back 33

triplet of bases in mRNA and tRNA

Front 34

What are the 3 steps of translation?

Back 34

initiation, elongation and termination

Front 35

What cuts polypeptide from last tRNA?

Back 35

an enzyme called release factor

Front 36

What is it called when more than one ribosome is translating the same mRNA strand?

Back 36

polysome

Front 37

Genetic Engineering

Back 37

insertion of genes into cells which causes these cells to produce a particular protein

Front 38

What cuts up DNA in specific locations?

Back 38

Restriction enzymes

Front 39

What joins DNA of humans to bacteria DNA during genetic engineering?

Back 39

DNA ligase (like Okazaki fragments)

Front 40

DNA of two different organisms combined

Back 40

Recombinant DNA or rDNA

Front 41

Somatic Mutation

Back 41

not germ mutation, egg sperm etc

Front 42

Germ Mutation

Back 42

sperm egg mutation

Front 43

Name three types of small mutations

Back 43

Point mutation
insertion
deletion

Front 44

Point Mutation

Back 44

Change in a single nucleotide

Front 45

Insertion

Back 45

addition of one or more nucleotide in a gene

Front 46

Deletion

Back 46

removal of one of more nucleotides from a gene

Front 47

What are three examples of large mutations?

Back 47

Amplification
Deletion of large chromosomal regions
Inversions

Front 48

Amplification

Back 48

multiple copies of gene
increased products of certain gene

Front 49

Deletion of Large Chromosomal regions

Back 49

Deletion of multiple entire genes

Front 50

Inversion

Back 50

reversing order of a section of a chromosome