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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the purpose of DNA replication? |
Before a cell divides into 2 new daughter cells, it needs to double the number of chromosomes. |
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Where is the location of DNA Replication in eukaryotes? |
Nucleus |
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What is a genome? |
Heredity information |
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What is protein synthesis? |
The synthesis of proteins from amino acids. |
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Where does protein synthesis occur? (generally, not specifically. Where in cell?) |
Nucleus and cytoplasm |
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How are genetic codes for proteins arranged? |
In triplet codes/sequences (TAC, CAT, ACG, GAG) |
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What is the exact site of protein synthesis? |
On the ribosomes in the cytoplasm. |
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What is a codon? |
3 bases/nucleotides in a RNA sequence which specify a single amino acid AAA, UCA, GUG |
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What are the two steps (acts) of protein synthesis? |
Transcription and Translation |
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Where does Transcription occur? |
Nucleus |
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What is the product of Transcription? |
mRNA |
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Where is the location of Translation? |
Cytoplasm at the ribosome |
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What is the product of Translation? |
Protein/polypeptide chain |
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Mutagens include... |
UV Radiation X-Rays Gamma rays Industrial chemicals Formaldehyde Chemicals in cigarette smoke |
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All gene mutations involve altering ________________. |
The code/codons ie. Sequence of amino acids or number or sequence of N-bases within the DNA molecule during replication |
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Altering the code for protein synthesis of proteins may result in _______________ _________ combining ________________ __________ _________ with _______________ _________ _________ and therefore function is impaired. |
Different codons Different amino acids Different protein shapes |
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Diseases/disorders caused by gene mutations include... |
Sickle-cell anemia causing sickle shaped rbc's Cystic Fibrosis Muscular dystrophy |
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Deletion |
One or more nucleotides are deleted (frameshift mutation |
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Example of Deletion |
Normal DNA TAC|GGG|ATG|TCA Mutation TAG|GGA|TGT|CA (the c of the first codon was removed) |
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Insertion |
One or more nucleotides are added (frameshift mutation) |
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Example of Insertion |
Normal DNA TAC|GGG|ATG|TCA Mutation ATA|CGG|GAT|GTG|A (a was added) |
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Substitution |
Involves a replacement of a single nucleotide with another, and therefore a change in a specific codon (point mutation) |
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Examples of Substitiution |
Normal DNA TTC mRNA AAG = Lysine Mutated DNA ATT (A substituting for T) mRNA UAG = STOP Drastic Effect as UAG is a stop codon. the resulting protein may be too short and unable to function for the cell. |
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What is an example of single base substitution mutation causing a disease/disorder? |
Sickle-cell anemia Glutamate (DNA code CTC or CTT) is changed into Valise (DNA code CAT, CAG, CAA, CAC)
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The term codon is used to describe a sequence of bases in
-DNA -rRNA -tRNA -mRNA |
mRNA |
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Which of the following is the second step of DNA replication?
A. The formation of 2 new DNA molecules B. Complementary base pairing of nitrogenous bases C. The breaking of hydrogen between the nbases D. The joining of bonds between the sugar and phosphate backbone |
B |
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The process of translation occurs at the ribosome. True or false?
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True
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The genetic code is based upon the reading of how many bases at a time?
1 2 3 4 |
3
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How many codons are needed to specify 3 amino acids?
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9 |
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What processes happen in the nucleus?
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Transcription and replication of DNA
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What defines a codon?
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The genetic code word of three bases on mRNA that specify one amino acid
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What processes happen in the nucleus?
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Transcription and replication of DNA
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What are the nucleotide pairings of DNA with mRNA?
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TA. AU. CG. GC
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What are the nucleotide pairings of tRNA with mRNA?
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AU. CG. GC. UA. |
