Dna Replication, Eicosanoid, Cholesterol

Front 1

what compound is the source of all cholesterol

Back 1

acetyl coa

Front 2

cholesterol is the precursor for what 4 major types of compounds

Back 2

bile acid
vitamin d
corticosteroids
sex hormones

Front 3

five stages of cholesterol biosynthesis and their prod.

Back 3

1. syn. of Mevalonate
2. syn. of Isoprenoid and Isopentenyl-pyrophosphate
3. syn. of squalene
4. conv. of lanosterol
5. conv. of lanosterol to cholesterol

Front 4

substrate, enzyme, and product of the RLS of cholesterol synthesis

Back 4

S: HMG-CoA + 2NADPH + 2H
E: HMG-CoA Reductase
P: Mevalonate + 2NADP + CoASH

Front 5

Where does cholesterol syn. happen

Back 5

cytosol

Front 6

different means by which cholesterol syn. is controlled naturally

Back 6

insulin (inc), glucagon (dec)
insulin (inc), cholesterol (inc)
glucagon (inc), cholesterol (dec)

Front 7

main sources of cholesterol, how does the body get rid of it

Back 7

meat, fish, dairy, poultry remainder through biosyn.
(less than half through food, rest through biosyn.)

pass through feces

Front 8

what are bile salts and what are they used for

Back 8

bile salts used to emulsify lipids in small intestine.

Front 9

circulation route of bile salts

once in liver...

Back 9

duadenum, jejunum, hepatic vein, liver, duadenum

liver, bile acid, bile salts

Front 10

2 pharmaceutical intervention of cholesterol

Back 10

1. Prevent bile salts from being taken by portal vein in circulation

2. blocking RLS in cholesterol synthesis. this blocks...
HMG-CoA —> Mevalonate

Front 11

what types of compounds supply the precursor for the eicosanoids? where are they found?

Back 11

glycerophospholipids

in plasma membrane

Front 12

what enzyme cleaves the fatty acid off the starting material of the eicosanoids?

what compound activates this enzyme?

inhibitors

Back 12

phospholipase A2

angiotensin, bradykinin, epinephrine, thrombin

anti-inflammatory corticosteriod=lipocortin

Front 13

general types of eicosanoids

Back 13

Prostaglandin
Thromboxanes
Leukotrienes

Front 14

what enzyme pathway for:
Thromboxanes
Leukotriene
Prostaglandins

Back 14

Thromboxanes: Cyclooxygenase
Leukotriene: Lipoxygenase
Prostaglandi: Cyclooxygenase

Front 15

compounds that inhibit cyclooxygenase

Back 15

aspirin
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID's)

Front 16

effects of thromboxanes

Back 16

vasoconstriction
platelet aggregation

Front 17

where are leukotrienes found

Back 17

leukocytes, mast cells, vascular tissues, platelets, macrophages

Front 18

what are the slow reacting substances of anaphylaxis

Back 18

Leukotriene C4
Leukotriene A4
Leukotriene D4 in muscle

Front 19

effects of leukotriene

Back 19

contraction of smooth muscles in pulmonary airway

alteration in permeability

Front 20

how are leukotrienes degraded

Back 20

in extracellular space by mycloperoxidase (conv. to Leukotriene B4, inactive form)

Front 21

define Semiconservative Replication

Back 21

2 daughter DNA molecules each contain one strand of the parents DNA.

You conserve one of the two parents stands, thus Semi conserve

Not Random, Not Conservative

Front 22

three observation of all DNA polymerases

Back 22

1. complementary base pair
2. 5'-3' chain growth and anti-parallel
3. need to have primer strand

Front 23

function of DNA polymerase I

Back 23

proofreads. to remove mismatched bases from the growing DNA strand

Front 24

what is the Klenow fragment

Back 24

2 frag of DNA pol I:
Big=Klenow
Small

have both polymerases and 3'-5' exonuclease, thumb-like structure.

smaller one has 5'-3' exonuclease

Front 25

function of DNA polymerase III

called Holoenzyme

Back 25

chief DNA replicating enzyme for E.Coli

Front 26

function of topoisomerase

Back 26

change topography of DNA molecules by cutting strands

allowing the supercoiling to be adjusted and then religating the strands

Front 27

function of helicase

Back 27

catalyzes of unwinding dsDNA by disrupting the base-pair hydrogen bonding by using ATP

Front 28

In replication which strand is the leading and lagging strand

Back 28

Leading: 3'-5' (used cont. by DNA polymerase III)

Lagging: 5'-3' (used discont.)

Front 29

what are okazaki fragments

Back 29

shorts pieces. DNA pieces which result from lagging strand. it is discont. because it forms this short frag (okazaki) what are later put together by ligase

Front 30

what are the processivities of DNA polymerase I and III

Back 30

DNA polymerase I= 20 bases in seq. before if dissociates

DNA polymerase III= 5million base genome in E.Coli