Dna Replication And Gene Transcription

Front 1

When should replication take place? Cells regulate when replication occurs by controlling what?

Back 1

Only when the cell is about to divide; initiation (inhibit premature replication)

Front 2

DnaA hydrolyzes ATP to become ADP-bound and the
amount of DnaA present may not be sufficient which inhibits premature replication, what is another mechanism to prevent this?

Back 2

GATC methylation sites

Front 3

The amount of what protein provides a way to regulate DNA replication? DnaA hydrolyzes ATP after initiation of replication, DnaA-ADP has a lower/higher affinity for DnaA boxes?

Back 3

DnaA (Need sufficient DnaA to bind all DnaA boxes within the oriC); lower

Front 4

After replication, the number of DnaA boxes doubles and there is insufficient/sufficient DnaA to bind them all?

Back 4

insufficient

Front 5

This protein recognizes the 5’ – GATC – 3’ sequence and attaches a methyl group onto the adenine?

Back 5

Dam methylase (D_NA a_denine m_ethyltransferase)

Front 6

This full methylation before replication, GATC sites are methylated on both strands facilitates initiation of what?

Back 6

DNA replication

Front 7

Following replication, GATC sites are not methylated on what strand? This state of half-methylation _____ initiation of replication

Back 7

daughter strand; inhibits

Front 8

Two processes do have extensive similarities,
the types of bacterial enzymes involved in what process have also been found in eukaryotes?

Back 8

DNA replication

Front 9

Eukaryotes require ________ origins of replication to ensure efficiency. What two scientist provided evidence for multiple origins of replication?

Back 9

multiple; Huberman and Riggs

Front 10

Like in proks, Euks DNA replication proceed ________ from many origins of replication.

Back 10

bidirectionally

Front 11

Origins of replication are similar in both proks and euks, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae the origin of replication are termed?

*They have a high percentage of A and T

Back 11

ARS elements (Autonomously Replicating Sequence)

Front 12

What structure assembles at the beginning of OOR (origin of replication)? What important part of this complex is a six-subunit complex that acts as the initiator of eukaryotic DNA replication?

Back 12

Replication begins with assembly of the prereplication complex (preRC); Origin recognition complex (ORC)

Front 13

Binding of what protein to the complex completes DNA replication licensing? This completion allows the origin to begin what?

Back 13

Binding of MCM helicase; The origin becomes capable of initiating DNA synthesis

Front 14

Euks have many poly's, what are the 4 main poly's that primarily replicate DNA?
Which of these replicate DNA in the nucleus or the mitochondria?

Back 14

Four: alpha (a), delta (d), epsilon (e) and gamma (y); alpha, delta and episilon = Nuclear DNA
gamma = Mitochondrial DNA

Front 15

Which is the only polymerase to associate with primase? DNA pol alpha forms the a/primase complex which synthesizes a short RNA-DNA hybrid _______?

Back 15

alpha; primer

Front 16

This hybrid primer is used by what two polys?
Which poly elongates the DNA strands? This exchange of alpha to delta or epi is required for elongation, this exchange is called?

Back 16

epi or delta; epi = leading, delta = lagging strand; polymerase switch (*It occurs only after the RNA-DNA hybrid is made)

Front 17

What poly is not involved in DNA replication and
It plays a role in base-excision repair?
What poly is Involved in the replication of damaged DNA and can synthesize a complementary strand over the abnormal region?

Back 17

DNA pol b (removes incorrect bases from damaged DNA; Lesion-replicating polymerases

Front 18

What enzyme removes RNA Primers after poly d runs into primer of adjacent Okazaki fragment and pushes portion of primer into short flap? What enzyme removes long flaps?

Back 18

Flap endonuclease; Dna2 nuclease/helicase

Front 19

This term refers to the complex of telomeric DNA sequences and bound proteins? Telomeric sequences consist of moderately repetitive tandem arrays, which end of the sequence consists of an overhang?

Back 19

telomere; 3’ overhang

Front 20

Telomeric sequences typically consist of what two bases? Do DNA polymerases possess the ability to initiate DNA synthesis?

Back 20

G and T; No, primers

Front 21

DNA poly synthesize DNA only in the 5’ to 3’ direction, This poses a problem for what part of the telomere that cannot be replicated? If this problem isn't solved what happens to the linear chromosome after each replication?

Back 21

3' overhang; becomes shorter each time

Front 22

What enzyme in the cell solves this problem by adding DNA sequences to the ends of telomeres? Telomerase contains proteins and RNA, how does this enzyme complete this problem using this molecules?

Back 22

telomerase; The RNA is complementary to the DNA sequence found in the telomeric repeat and this allows the telomerase to bind to the 3’ overhang

Front 23

What function does telomerase synthesize
for a 6-nucleotide repeat? Telomerase continues to add repeats to the 3' overhang until it lengthens completing the cycle called what?

Back 23

Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) activity; binding-polymerization-translocation cycle

Front 24

The complementary strand is made by what 3 enzymes? These structures define the beginning and end of a gene and regulate the level of RNA synthesis?

Back 24

primase, DNA polymerase, and ligase; DNA base sequences

Front 25

What structure must recognize and act on DNA for transcription to occur?

Back 25

Proteins

Front 26

What is the overall process by which the information within a gene is used to produce a functional product which can, in concert with environmental factors, determine a trait

Back 26

Gene expression