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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
X-ray Crystallography
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A method used for determining the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal.
Also revealed the structure and function of many proteins and nucleic acids such as DNA. |
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Deoxyribonucleic Acid
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DNA
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Nucleotide
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Monomer of Nucleic Acids
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Deoxyribose
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5 carbon sugar
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NItrogenous Base
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Center of the DNA double helix molecule
Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine |
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Purine
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Two rings of the nitrogenous base
Adenine and Guanine |
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Pyrimidines
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One ring
Thymine and Cytosine |
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Double Helix
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The coiled structure of double-stranded DNA
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Phosphate-Sugar Backbone
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The backbone of a DNA strand
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Hydrogen Bond
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A bond between a polar molecule of hydrogen and a highly electronegative atom, such as nitrogen, oxygen or fluorine
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Covalent Bond
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A bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms
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Base Sequence
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The order of nucleotide bases in a DNA molecule
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DNA Replication
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Process of making a copy of all the DNA in each chromosome of a cell
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Helicase
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Enzyme that unzips the old DNA strand
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DNA Polymerase
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Enzyme that adds new nucleotides and bases and "proof-reads" the new DNA
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Semi-Conservative Replication
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Each new DNA molecule has one strand from the old DNA
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Mutation
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An error in the genetic code
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PCR
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Polymerase Chain Reaction
Process of making many copies of a DNA fragment |
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Gel Electophoresis
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Applying an electrical current to separate different proteins
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Restriction Enzymes
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Enzymes that recognize specific short DNA base sequences (ex: CCGCG) to cut DNA into fragments
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DNA Fingerprint
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One person's unique DNA sequence
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Chromosome
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Single DNA molecule coiled and condensed around a protein
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Histone
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Proteins found in the nuclei that package and order the DNA into nucleosomes
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Chromatid
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One half of an individual chromosome
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Centromere
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Protein disk at the center of a chrmosome
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Chromatin
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DNA that is coiled loosely
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Sex Chromosome
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One of the pairs of chromosome, determines gender, haploid
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Autosome
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All the other chromosomes in he nucleus that are not sex chromosomes
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Homologous Chromosome
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One pair of chromosomes
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Gene
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One segment of DNA
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Karyotype
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The complete set of chromosomes for a species
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Diploid Cell
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Cells that have two sets of chromosomes
(2n) |
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Haploid Cell
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Cells that have one set of chromosomes
(1n) |
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Binary Fission
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Most common form of asexual reproduction (cell divides into two daughter cells, then those two divide into two more daughter cells)
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Asexual Reproduction
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Reproduction without sex
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Cell Cycle
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Series of events that take place in a cell leading to duplication
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Interphase
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Time between cell division
Cells spend most of cell cycle |
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Cell Division
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Process of which a cell divides into two daughter cells
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Mitosis
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Nuclear division of chromosomes/DNA
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Prophase
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1st stage
DNA coils into chromosomes, Centrosomes move to opposite ends of the cell |
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Metaphase
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2nd stage
Spindle fivers move chromosomes to the middle of the dividing cell |
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Anaphase
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3rd stage
Chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of the cell |
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Telophase
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Final stage
Spindle fibers disassemble, chromosomes uncoil, nuclear membrane forms |
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Cytokinesis
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Cytoplasm divides as cell membrane pinches inward
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Cleavage Furrow
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The groove formed from the cell membrane in a dividing cell as the contractile ring tightens.
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Cancer
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Uncontrolled cell growth of cells due to mutations in the genes
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Metastasis
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The spread of cancer
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Carcinogen
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A substance that can induce or promote cancer
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Tumor
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Abnormal proliferation of cells that results from uncontrolled cell division
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Proto-Oncogene
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Genes that regulate cell growth
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Oncogene
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a gene that can cause uncontrolled cell proliferation
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Tumor Suppressor Gene
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Genes that code proteins which prevent cell division from happening too often
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Meiosis
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Process that forms reproductive cells for sexual reproduction
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Tetrad
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Homologous pair that is lined up side by side
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Synapsis
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When Tetrads form
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Crossing Over
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When chromatids switch genes
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Genetic Recombination
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When chromatids exchange genes and a new gene variation occurs
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Independent Assortment
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Allele pairs separate independently during the formation of gametes and mix with other chromatids
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Sexual reproduction
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When one sperm and one egg fuse to form a zygote
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Gamete/Sex Cell
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Reproductive cells, haploid
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Spermatogenesis
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Process of which spermatozoa are produced from male primordial germ cells through mitosis and meiosis
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Oogenesis
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Development of oocytes (female eggs)
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