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62 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
X-ray Crystallography
A method used for determining the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal.

Also revealed the structure and function of many proteins and nucleic acids such as DNA.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
DNA
Nucleotide
Monomer of Nucleic Acids
Deoxyribose
5 carbon sugar
NItrogenous Base
Center of the DNA double helix molecule

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine
Purine
Two rings of the nitrogenous base

Adenine and Guanine
Pyrimidines
One ring

Thymine and Cytosine
Double Helix
The coiled structure of double-stranded DNA
Phosphate-Sugar Backbone
The backbone of a DNA strand
Hydrogen Bond
A bond between a polar molecule of hydrogen and a highly electronegative atom, such as nitrogen, oxygen or fluorine
Covalent Bond
A bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms
Base Sequence
The order of nucleotide bases in a DNA molecule
DNA Replication
Process of making a copy of all the DNA in each chromosome of a cell
Helicase
Enzyme that unzips the old DNA strand
DNA Polymerase
Enzyme that adds new nucleotides and bases and "proof-reads" the new DNA
Semi-Conservative Replication
Each new DNA molecule has one strand from the old DNA
Mutation
An error in the genetic code
PCR
Polymerase Chain Reaction

Process of making many copies of a DNA fragment
Gel Electophoresis
Applying an electrical current to separate different proteins
Restriction Enzymes
Enzymes that recognize specific short DNA base sequences (ex: CCGCG) to cut DNA into fragments
DNA Fingerprint
One person's unique DNA sequence
Chromosome
Single DNA molecule coiled and condensed around a protein
Histone
Proteins found in the nuclei that package and order the DNA into nucleosomes
Chromatid
One half of an individual chromosome
Centromere
Protein disk at the center of a chrmosome
Chromatin
DNA that is coiled loosely
Sex Chromosome
One of the pairs of chromosome, determines gender, haploid
Autosome
All the other chromosomes in he nucleus that are not sex chromosomes
Homologous Chromosome
One pair of chromosomes
Gene
One segment of DNA
Karyotype
The complete set of chromosomes for a species
Diploid Cell
Cells that have two sets of chromosomes
(2n)
Haploid Cell
Cells that have one set of chromosomes
(1n)
Binary Fission
Most common form of asexual reproduction (cell divides into two daughter cells, then those two divide into two more daughter cells)
Asexual Reproduction
Reproduction without sex
Cell Cycle
Series of events that take place in a cell leading to duplication
Interphase
Time between cell division

Cells spend most of cell cycle
Cell Division
Process of which a cell divides into two daughter cells
Mitosis
Nuclear division of chromosomes/DNA
Prophase
1st stage

DNA coils into chromosomes, Centrosomes move to opposite ends of the cell
Metaphase
2nd stage

Spindle fivers move chromosomes to the middle of the dividing cell
Anaphase
3rd stage

Chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of the cell
Telophase
Final stage

Spindle fibers disassemble, chromosomes uncoil, nuclear membrane forms
Cytokinesis
Cytoplasm divides as cell membrane pinches inward
Cleavage Furrow
The groove formed from the cell membrane in a dividing cell as the contractile ring tightens.
Cancer
Uncontrolled cell growth of cells due to mutations in the genes
Metastasis
The spread of cancer
Carcinogen
A substance that can induce or promote cancer
Tumor
Abnormal proliferation of cells that results from uncontrolled cell division
Proto-Oncogene
Genes that regulate cell growth
Oncogene
a gene that can cause uncontrolled cell proliferation
Tumor Suppressor Gene
Genes that code proteins which prevent cell division from happening too often
Meiosis
Process that forms reproductive cells for sexual reproduction
Tetrad
Homologous pair that is lined up side by side
Synapsis
When Tetrads form
Crossing Over
When chromatids switch genes
Genetic Recombination
When chromatids exchange genes and a new gene variation occurs
Independent Assortment
Allele pairs separate independently during the formation of gametes and mix with other chromatids
Sexual reproduction
When one sperm and one egg fuse to form a zygote
Gamete/Sex Cell
Reproductive cells, haploid
Spermatogenesis
Process of which spermatozoa are produced from male primordial germ cells through mitosis and meiosis
Oogenesis
Development of oocytes (female eggs)