Dna

Front 1

nucleotide

Back 1

small units (monomers) that make up DNA

Front 2

base pairing rules

Back 2

the bases of the 2 DNA strands always pair up in the same way (T-A, C-G); these pairings occur b/c of the sizes of the bases and the ability of the bases to form hydrogen bonds w/ each other

Front 3

replication

Back 3

process by which DNA is copied during the cell cycle

Front 4

DNA polymerase

Back 4

a group of enzymes that bonds the new nucleotides together

Front 5

central dogma

Back 5

theory of molecular biology, which states that info flows in one direction, from DNA to RNA to proteins (discovered by Francis Crick and includes three processes: replication, transcription, and translation)

Front 6

RNA

Back 6

ribonucleic acid; a chain of nucleotides, each made of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing base (temp. copy of DNA)

Front 7

transcription

Back 7

process of copying a sequence of DNA to produce a complementary strand of RNA (gene is transferred into an RNA message)

Front 8

intron

Back 8

unused portion that are removed from mRNA

Front 9

exon

Back 9

used portion that bonds together

Front 10

RNA polymerase

Back 10

enzymes that bond nucleotides together in a chain to make a new RNA molecule

Front 11

messenger RNA

Back 11

an intermediate message that is translated to form a protein

Front 12

ribosomal RNA

Back 12

forms part of ribosomes, a cell's protein factories

Front 13

transfer RNA

Back 13

brings amino acids from the cytoplasm to a ribosome to help make the growing protein

Front 14

translation

Back 14

process that converts, or translates, an mRNA message into a polypeptide

Front 15

How is the structure of DNA a common language?

Back 15

the pairing of bases; strands fit together and are the opposite of each other

Front 16

3 parts of nucleotides

Back 16

sugar, phosphate group, nitrogen-containing base

Front 17

How many nucleotides compose DNA?

Back 17

~3 billion pairs

Front 18

purines

Back 18

double-ring -> A and G

Front 19

pyrimidines

Back 19

single-ring -> T and C

Front 20

What kind of bond is formed between the bases and in the backbone?

Back 20

bases - hydrogen bondbackbone - covalent bond

Front 21

steps of DNA replication

Back 21

1) DNA helicase unzips the two DNA strands (breaks hydrogen bond)2) free-floating nucleotides match up3) DNA polymerase reconnects the two strands4) Result: identical strands

Front 22

role of enzymes in DNA replication

Back 22

to separate the DNA strands and reconnect the DNA bases

Front 23

What kind of organic molecule are enzymes?

Back 23

proteins

Front 24

How do you identify enzymes?

Back 24

-ase = forming name of enzymes

Front 25

What molecule helps to ensure that DNA replication is accurate?

Back 25

DNA polymerase

Front 26

codon

Back 26

sequence of 3 nucleotides that codes for one amino acid

Front 27

stop codon

Back 27

stop codoncodon that signals to ribosomes to stop translation

Front 28

start codon

Back 28

codon that signals to ribosomes to begin translation; codes for the first amino acid in a protein

Front 29

anticodon

Back 29

set of 3 nucleotides in a tRNA molecule that binds to a complementary mRNA codon during translation

Front 30

point mutation

Back 30

1 nucleotide is substituted for another (aa change)

Front 31

mutation

Back 31

change in the DNA sequence

Front 32

silent mutation

Back 32

does not change the amino acid formation

Front 33

frameshift mutation

Back 33

insertion or deletion of a nucleotide; entire sequence of DNA/RNA after the mutation is shifted (much more serious to the structure and function of final protein)

Front 34

gene translocation

Back 34

results from crossing over between non-homologous chromosomes

Front 35

mutagen

Back 35

agent that can induce or increase the frequency of mutation in organisms (causes genetic mutations)

Front 36

steps of transcription

Back 36

1) RNA polymerase separates the DNA nucleotides2) Free floating nucleotides match up w/ DNA3) mRNA breaks free in separate pieces4) mRNA processing takes place (introns removed, exons bond together)5) DNA recombines to be used again

Front 37

How are mRNA codons translated into amino acids? (steps of translation)

Back 37

1) mRNA enters ribosome 2) Ribosome reads 1 mRNA codon at a time 3) tRNA delivers amino acids until a protein is created