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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What was the religion of the majority of the Political Nation?
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Conservative Calvinist-Anglicans at the centre of the 'Jacobethan balance.'
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Summarise historian Newton's view on Arminianism's relation to Puritanism
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The less 'demanding' nature of Arminianism with its emphasis on ceremony, music and image appealed to the bulk of the moderately Calvinist population more than the demands of Puritanism, with its emphasis on long sermons and continuous self-reflection.
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Why were Puritans widely unpopular?
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They believed they were selected to be saved by God, seeing themselves as better than their neighbours.
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What triggered Britain's wars?
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Charles' favouring of Arminianism (Laudianism) in the 1630s triggered the wars of religion by forcing a reaction from the Puritans and alienating the moderate Calvinist majority.
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Why are Arminians referred to as 'Laudians' under Charles I's reign? |
William Laud's promotions in the Church ranks meant that his anti-Calvinist views were increasingly imposed on the Church of England.
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Who was the Archbishop of Canterbury before Laud?
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George Abbot, a Calvinist. |
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State the two characteristics at the heart of Laudianism and anti-Calvinism
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-The rejection of predestination -Less emphasis on the Bible and preaching & more emphasis on ritual and ceremony |
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What religion were the majority of Englishmen?
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Moderately Calvinist.
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What broke the 'Jacobethan balance'?
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Charles I's decision to side with Laudianism and try to impose a new and more restrictive religious uniformity.
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Which religious sects were against Charles? |
Despite their differences, most Protestants (Calvinists and Puritans alike) were united against Charles.
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What phrase describes the most notable aspect of Laudian reforms?
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'Beauty of holiness.'
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List church changes bought about by Laudian anti-Calvinism
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-Communion table moved & became altar in east of Church -Emphasis on ceremony -Decoration (stained glass windows) -Music in services -Ministers wearing vestments -Removal of gentry's ornamental pews |
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Which group did the changes have the greatest effect on?
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Puritans. For them, the physical changes to the church were elements of idolatry derived from all that was wrong about Catholicism.
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What was the most contentious Laudian measure?
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The communion table.
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Outline the altar policy
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-Communion table would be aligned north-south against the far east wall of church (Catholic altar) -Space around altar (chancel) would be raised by steps -Chancel area separated by a rail -Altar covered in embroidered cloth |
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Describe the changes to church ceremony |
Services centred on catechism, a list of set statements that were laid out in a prayer book & recited at specific points in the service.
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Describe the campaign against unlicensed preaching
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Laud limited preaching to Sunday mornings & evenings to control Puritans: Feoffees for Impropriations (1633)
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Outline the reissue of the Book of Sports
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James I produced the original book in 1618 to counter pressure on the population in the Puritan-dominated areas to not participate in fun activities on Sunday (the Sabbath.) This book was read from the pulpit so it was known to everyone; clergy could be expelled or imprisoned if they failed to read this.
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What were visitations?
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Official visits made by bishops to the parishes in their area to report on whether everyone was conforming to the Laudian reforms.
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What was the extent of conformity dependent on?
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The local bishop, vicars and gentry.
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What evidence was used to uncover a Catholic conspiracy?
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Religious policies and the prominence of Catholics, notably Henrietta Maria. |
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What was a reason for Charles' support of Arminianism?
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His fear of Puritanism, its seeming threat to order and unity in the Church as well as in his monarchy.
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What church laws were passed in 1640?
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Cannons to codify Laud's measures.
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Outline the importance of the Bible
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The Bible was central to most people's lives, particularly for Puritans. It was at the centre of all intellectual and moral life for them. They believed that the Bible provided direct access to God and thereby direction for their lives.
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How does historian Collision refer to Puritans?
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The 'hotter sort of Protestant.' Those who placed religion at the centre of their lives and who sought to further reform the Church of England so that all aspects of Catholic practises and symbols were removed.
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What were the important features of Puritanism?
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The importance of the Bible, anti-Catholicism and different degrees of millenarianism.
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Describe St Gregory's Case
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Parishioners of St Gregory's Church in London challenged then moving of their communion table to the east of church. Moving of pews was offensive and separating the altar from the congregation was reminiscent of Catholicism. They were bought before the Privy Council by Charles as a test case.
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Why was John Williams imprisoned in 1637?
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As a result of his publishing of 'The Holy Table, Name and Thing.' He indicated that even terminology was a source of contention, because the word 'altar' was regarded as Catholic.
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What was the Star Chamber?
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An English court of law.
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Which Puritans were bought to trail in 1637?
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John Bastwick, Henry Burton and William Prynne. They criticised church policy and were each fined £5000 and imprisoned for life, but the public cropping of the men's ears earned them sympathy.
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What was John Lilburne's punishment for printing unlicensed literature?
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He was tied to a cart, shirtless, that pulled him two miles from the Fleet Prison to Westminster. Every few paces he was whipped. He was put back into prison but continued to write.
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What was another sign of discontent with the Laudian Church during Personal Rule?
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The high level of emigration to North America.
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What was Charles' aim?
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Conformity across all of his kingdoms. However, Charles was an absentee King of Scotland and his policies and style of rule alienated the Scottish elite.
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What faith was held by the majority of Scotland?
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Presbyterianism; their form of Puritanism meant Charles' imposition of Laudianism was even more infuriating.
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Why did Charles and Laud resent the independence of the Presbytarian Kirk?
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They wanted to align it with the Laudian Church of England to reform its practices and prayer book.
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What did the Act of Revocation entail?
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It exploited Charles' feudal right to take land from the Scottish elite to support the Kirk.
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What were the Articles of Perth?
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Forced through the General Assembly of the Krik by James in 1618. The articles addressed 5 issues: kneeling at communion, observance of holy days, private baptism, private communion and confirmation by bishops.
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When did Charles go to Scotland to be crowned king?
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1633, it was his first visit there since becoming king of England in 1625.
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What location did Charles choose for his Scottish coronation?
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Edinburgh's Holyrood Palace, instead of the traditional sites of Scone or Stirling. He also chose a ceremony that the Scots saw as Catholic.
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What did Charles do to St Giles church in Edinburgh?
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Charles introduced the rank of bishop in the city and upgrades the church to a cathedral- actions which were regarded as Catholic by Presbyterians.
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What did Charles announce in 1633?
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His intention to introduce a new prayer book, which would eventually lead to rebellion in Scotland and the start of the British civil wars.
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List the new cannons imposed in 1636
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-Altar to be placed against the east wall of the chancel -Ministers has to wear surplice when celebrating communion -Improvised prayer was banned; ministers had to read from the new prayer book |
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What were the cannons regarded as?
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An attempt to return to Catholicism.
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What was the impact of the cannons in Scotland?
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What made the reforms worse for the Scots is that they were imposed by royal prerogative. Charles made no attempt to allow the General Assembly or the Scottish Parliament to have any say in the cannons.
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