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145 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Why is Aristotle famous? |
He created the first classification system (Plant and Animal): Organisms that walk, swim or fly |
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Why is Carolus Linnaeus famous? |
He created the classification system involving binomial nomenclature |
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Who is Charles Darwin? |
He created a book called The Origin of Species, supporting the theory that everything comes from evolution |
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What is the biological species concept? |
The idea that if two organisms can mate freely creating viable, fertile offspring then they are the same breed |
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What are the 3 Domains? |
Archaea, Bacteria, Eukaryota |
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What are the 8 Ranks? |
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species |
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What is the human taxa? |
Eukarya, Animalia, Chordata, Mammalia, Primates, Hominidae, Homo, Sapien |
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Which kingdoms are in Prokaryotes? |
Bacteria and Archaea |
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Which kingdoms are in Eukaryotic cells? |
Plantae, Fungi, Animalia, Protista, |
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What type of DNA do Prokaryotes have? |
-Plasmid DNA -Single Chromosomal DNA that is not bounded by a membrane |
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What type of DNA do Eukaryotes have? |
-Chromosomal DNA -In nucleus bounded by a membrane |
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How do Prokaryotes divide? |
-Binary fission -Conjugation (Sexual) |
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How do Eukaryotic cells divide? |
-Mitosis (Asexual) -Meiosis (Sexual) |
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What type of reproduction do prokaryotes usually undergo? |
Asexual reproduction (Binary Fission) |
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What type of reproduction do Eukaryotic cells usually undergo? |
Sexual reproduction (Meiosis) |
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What type of cell structures do Prokaryotes have? |
-No membrane bound organelles -No mitochondria |
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What type of cell structures do Eurkaryotes have? |
-Mamny membrane bound organelles |
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How big are prokaryotic cells? |
1-10 Micrometres |
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How big are Eukaryotic cells? |
100-1000 Micrometres |
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Do Eukaryotic cells need oxygen to survive? |
Yes |
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What do fossils tell scientists about different organisms? |
They can determine the evolutionary history |
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What are homologus species? |
They have a common evolutionary origin |
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What are analogus species? |
Species that perform the same or similar function but evolved seperately |
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Why do scientists focus on development in the early stages of life rather than adult organisms? |
Adult organisms are sometimes harder to compare |
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How do scientists use biochemistry in order to compare organisms? |
They can compare molecules, and macro molecules like proteins |
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What is phylogeny? |
When scientists classify species based on evolutionary history |
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What are the oldest organisms on earth? |
Kingdom Archaea |
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Which types of environments do Archaea live in? |
Extreme environments |
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What are chemotrophic organisms? |
Organisms that obtain energy from inorganic molecules |
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What are heterotrophs? |
Organisms that obtain energy from organic molecules |
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What are autotrophs? |
Organisms that make their own food by using the sun |
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What are special about the lipids in Archaea |
They are more protective and allow Arhcaeic organisms to live in extreme environments |
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How can scientists use Archaeic enzymes? |
They can conduct experiments that require harsh processing (PCR) |
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What are the 2 major Phyla for Archaea that we talked about in class? |
1-Euarchaeota 2-Chrenarcheaota |
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What are the 3 main types of Archaea in Euarchaeota? |
Methanogens, Halophiles and Thermophiles |
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Do methanogens need oxygen to live? |
No |
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Where are methanogens found? |
Below surfaces of swamps and marshes |
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What type of Archaea are those in Chrenarcheaota? |
Thermoacidophiles |
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Are bacteria Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic? |
They are prokaryotic |
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Are bacteria unicellular or multicellular? |
They are unicellular |
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What is the main way bacteria reproduce? (Asexual or Sexual) |
Asexually-Binary Fission |
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What is it called when bacteria sexual reproduce? |
Conjugation |
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Are most bacteria chemotrophic or heterotrophic? |
Most are heterotrophic |
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Can some bacteria be autotrophic or cyanobacteria? |
Yes |
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What are the 6 Advantages to bacteria? |
-Agriculture -Fighting Disease -Decomposition -Bio-remediation -Genetic Engineering -Industry |
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What is a symbiotic relationship? |
A relationship between two organisms |
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What is mutualism? |
Case in which both partners benefit from the interaction |
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What are the 2 disadvantages to bacteria? |
-Spoilage of food -Disease |
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What are parasitic or pathogenic bacteria? |
When one organism #1 benefits at the expense of organism #2. Organism #2 is usually harmed by not killed |
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What do pathogenic bacteria produce? |
Toxins |
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What is a toxin? |
A poison produced in the body of a living organism that is only harmful to other organisms. |
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What are the 2 types of toxins produced by bacteria? |
Endotoxins and Extotoxins |
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Which type of toxin is usually fatal? |
Exotoxin |
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Which type of toxin is released when cells split? |
Endotoxin |
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How many people could 1 gram of botualism kill? |
1 million |
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What are the 3 shapes bacteria can take on? |
Cocci (Round) Bacillus (Rod) Spirillium (Spiral) |
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What are the four patterns of bacteria we must know? |
Mono, Diplo, Strepto, Staphylo |
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What does Facultative anaerobic mean? |
Can grow with or without oxygen |
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What is a saprotroph? |
A bacteria that feeds on dead organisms or organic waste |
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What is phsychrophile? |
A bacteria that grows best in colder temperatures |
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What are 4 ways to classify appearance of colonies in a petri dish? |
Elevation, Pigmentation, Margin and Form |
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What does a positive gram stain look like? |
Purple-indicating a thick protein layer |
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What does a negative gram stain look like? |
Pink-indicating a thing protein layer |
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What are capsules usually created from? |
Carbohydrates |
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True or false: Bacteria have the ability to have flagella |
TRUE |
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What is a bacteria spore? |
A highly resistant state of bacteria containing the DNA of the bacteria |
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What is the asexual process of reproduction called in bacteria? |
Binary Fission |
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Do binary fission products create nonidentical or identical offspring? |
Identical |
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What is sexual bacteria reproduction called? |
Conjugation |
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What is the lag phase? |
When bacteria are adjusting to their new surroundings |
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What is the exponential growth phase? |
When population grows rapidly |
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What is the stationary phase? |
When nutrients start to run out and same amount of deaths as births |
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What is the death phase |
The number of dying bacteria supersedes the amount being created |
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Define Carrying capacity |
The maximum number of organisms a particular environment can support |
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What is the time it takes for a population to double in size called? |
Growth Rate |
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Are viruses measured in Micrometres? |
No |
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How are viruses measured? |
In nanometres |
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Can viruses carry out metabolic functions or reproduce on their own? |
No, they are not living |
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Do viruses have DNA or RNA? |
Yes |
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What is the protein coat that wraps around the DNA or RNA of viruses called? |
Capsid |
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True or false: All viruses are host specific |
True |
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True or False: Viruses have very complicated code in their DNA or RNA |
False- They only have one code: Replicate |
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What are intracellular parasites? |
Parasites that are able to use a host cell to perform its functions |
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What is it called when a virus can reproduce without killing their host cell? |
Temperate viruses |
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What are the 2 cycles viruses undergo? |
The Lytic cycle and Lysogenic cycle |
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What are 4 ways to classify viruses? |
-DNA or RNA -Structure/Shape -Type of host they infect -Type of disease they cause |
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What are 4 reasons why a viral shape is important? |
-Allows for protection of Nucleic acid -Allows for undetection in host -Resistance for harsh conditions -Determines cell receptors |
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What are 3 ways viruses spread? |
Humans, Animals, Water |
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Why do we get symptoms when a viruses infects our body? |
We feel the backlash of our body trying to fight back |
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True or false: Most protists are multicellular |
False-Most protista are unicellular |
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What type of cells are Protista? |
Eukaryotic |
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Do protists mainly produce sexually or asexually? |
Asexually |
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What is the preferred environment for protista? |
Moist, (Fresh water, salt water) |
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What are the 3 major groups protista are classified into? |
-Plant-like -Animal-like (Protozoa) -Fungi-like (Slime moulds and Water moulds) |
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Are plantlike protista chemotrophic, autotrophic or heterotrophic? |
Autotrophic |
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Can algae be consumed as food? |
Yes |
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What is another name for animal-like Protista? |
Protozoa |
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What are 3 ways animal-like Protista move around? |
Cilia, Flagella, Pseudopods |
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Why are some protozoa exclusively parasitic? |
They are unable to move |
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How are protozoa mainly classified? |
Based on their mode of locomotion |
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What are the 2 types of Fungi-Like Protista? |
Slime moulds and Water moulds |
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What type of environments do Fungi-Like Protista prefer? |
Cold, Shady and Moist |
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What type of feeders are Fungi-Like protista? (Chemotroph, Autotroph, Heterotroph) |
Hetertroph |
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How can fungi-like Protista help humans? |
They live in our digestive tract, aiding in digestion |
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Do Fungi photosynthesize? |
No |
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What type of feeders are Fungi? |
Heterotrophs or Saprotrophs |
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Do fungi undergo internal or external digestion? |
External |
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Are fungi prokaryotic or eukaryotic? |
Eukaryotic |
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Are the majority of fungi multicellular or unicellular? |
Multicellular |
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What is the material called that makes up the cell wall in fungi? |
Chitin |
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True or False: Only some fungi produce spores |
False-All fungi produce spores |
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What is a group of hyphae called? |
Mycelium |
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What is fragmentation? |
An asexual process when a hyphae breaks off and grows into a new mycelium |
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Can spores on a fungi dry out? |
No because they have a protective coating |
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What are the 4 major phyla for Fungi? |
Basidiomycotes, Zygomycotes, Ascomycotes, Deuteromycotes |
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Which phyla do bread moulds belong to? |
Zygomycota |
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What do zygomycotes produce during sexual reproduction? |
Zygospores |
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What are horizontal hyphae called? |
Stolones |
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What are vertical hyphae called? |
Rhizoids |
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What do Zygomycotes produce during asexual reproduction? |
Sporangiophores |
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What phylum are mushrooms a part of? |
Basidiomycota |
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What is the largest phylum of fungi? |
Ascomycotes |
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What phylum are yeasts a part of? |
Ascomycotes |
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What do Ascomycotes produce during sexual reproduction? |
Asci |
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Can Deuteromycotes reproduce sexually? |
No |
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What are the spores called when Deuteromycotes asexually reproduce? |
Conidia |
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What type of cells are Plants? |
Eukaryotic |
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Are plants unicellular or multicellular? |
Multicellular |
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How many forms do plants alternate between? |
2 |
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What is the life cycle in which plants alter back and forth called? |
Alteration of generations |
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What is the haploid form called? |
Gametophyte |
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What is the diploid form called? |
Sporophytes |
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Which type of plant is Non-Vascular? |
Mosses and their relatives |
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What are the 3 types of mosses? |
Bryophytes, Hepaphytes and Anthocerophytes |
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Why are ferns special? |
They are Seedless, Vascular plants |
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What type of plant do "Naked Seeds" Refer to? |
Gymnosperms |
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What is an angiosperm? |
A flowering plant that protects their seeds within a fruit |
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What is a monocot? |
They are plants that have one cotyledon |
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What is a cotyledon? |
A seed leaf |
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What are the 2 largest groups of Animals? |
Invertebrates and Vertebrates |
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True or False: Invertebrates do not have a backbone |
True |
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What are 3 types of body layers? |
Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm |
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What are 3 types of symmetry? |
Bilateral symmetry, Radial symmetry and asymmetrical |
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What is a Coelom? |
A fluid filled body cavity |
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What does a Coelom allow for? |
Development of complex organ systems |
