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136 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Kingdom

Highest rank in grouping living organism, according to taxonomy

Heterotrophs

Inject other organisms for energy

Invertebrates

Don't have a spinal cord

squid's Pen

Shell of the squid providing support for the mantle

Squid's Mantle

Muscle layer that encloses internal organs

Squid's tentacles (2)

Longer than arms (6), have hooks for grabbing prey

Motile

able to move

Non- vascular

no transport system for transporting nutrients and water.




Mosses are short because they are non- vascular, and this feature stunts their growth

Gametophyte

Is a Haploid stage (n) stage in Bryophytes, they produce games through mitoses (not meiosis because the gametes are already haploid)

Bryophyte

Phylum of mosses




are nonvascular, seedless, reproduce through production of spores, also need water for sperm to move to egg for reproduction

Mycelium

main part of the mushroom which is underground.




Mycelium is a loose network of hypae

mycorrhiza

a fungus that grows in association with roots of a plant in a symbiotic or mildly pathogenic relationship

Mating strains

Have to be compatible to be able to mate and produce fertile offsprings

Cilia

hair-like structures that help an organism move, move is a rhythmic motion

Nucleoid

region in a prokaryote cell that contains DNA


(almost like a nucleus)

coccus

round bacteria

Staphylo-

group or a clump of bacteria

Obligate Anaerobe

Die in presences of oxygen

Plasmid

DNA in ring-like form

extremophile

live in extreme environments like hot springs




Related to archaea

Phylum

Taxonomic category that rank below Kingdom

Autotroph

Organism that can make their own food (through photosynthesis or other methods)

Ectoderm

Outer layer, ex. skin






1st germ layer)

Radial Symmetry

Symmetry around a central axis

Vascular

transport system which (equal) passes water and nutrients to all cells




Advantages


1. Helps organism develop and get bigger


2. Provides each cell with same amount of nutrients and water

Sporophyte

The diploid (2n) generation in Bryophyte




2 gametophyte (n) mate produce sporophyte (2n) which produces spores (n),




spores germinate and form protonema which then grow into gametophyte

Pteridophyte

Phylum of plants, they are vascular, seedless, live mostly as sporophyte

Septa

Hyphae divided into cells by walls called septa

fragmentation

Fragmentation bacteria makes yogurt

dikaryotic

2 nucleus in one cell (occurs in fungi: Basidiomycetes)

flagella

Tail-like structure that enables cells to swim

pathogenic

Bacteria or viruses that can cause diseases

Capsule

a tough membrane; used when an organism goes into dormant phase

Bacillus

Rod-like shaped bacteria

Gram-positive

color purple, thick peptidoglycan layer




only in bacteria

Facultative Anaerobe

Bacteria can with or without oxygen

Endospores

occurs in dormant phase, capluse from to protect organism during unfavorable environments

Thermophile

Live in extremely hot environment

Homo sapiens

humans

Prokaryote

No nucleus OR complex organelles

Mesoderm

middle layer of the germ layer

Bilateral symmetry

body plan splits into 2 halves on one plane

External Fertilization

egg and sperm meet outside the female's body

Gymnosperms

Phylum of plants; reproduces through seeds (naked)

Sori

dark circles where spores are found in Pteridophytes

Hyphae

network of thin filaments, they are densely packed

saprophytic

Obtain nutrients from dead material, play a vital role in the environment (eat dead plants and animals)

Fruiting body

Reproductive structure of mushroom

Protozoa

animal- like protist

pseudopod

Surface of an amoebia cell for movement and feeding

nonpathogenic

doesn't cause disease

peptidoglycan

Pepti= Protien


glycan = sugar

spirillium

spiral shaped bacteria

Gram Negative

Pink, thin layer of Peptidoglycan

Microaerophile

live in low O2, but high CO2 environments

acidophile

lives in extremely acidic environments

Taxonomy

system of classifying organisms

Eukaryote

contain nucleus, and other complex organelle like mitochondria

Endoderm

Inner most germ layer (e.g.digestive track)

Coelom

Body cavity consisting of organs

Cephalization

nervous tissues concentrated on one side of the body (ex. brain)

Angiosperms

phylum of plants= coated seeds, with fruit, vascular

Pollen

contains male gamete

Chitin

main component of the exoskeleton in arthopods

Parasitic

cause disease

gill

Gills whom are lined with basidia

Algae

plant-like protist (lack stem, roots, leaves, and vascular tissue)

Vector

Transfer pathogens

Gut Flora

ASK

Pilli

Bacteria have them, use them during conjugation

Binary Fission

Asexual reproduction in bacteria (like mitosis)

Halophiles

likes in extremely salty conditions

Binomial Nomenclature

Used to name organism; genus followed by species name

Vertebrate

have backbone

Asymmetrical Body Plan

not symmetrical

Segmentation

division of the body into repetitive sections


advantage:


- single segment damaged others continue to work

Internal Fertilization

Sperm and egg fertilize inside the body

Alternation ofGenerations

generation alternate sexual and asexual

Extracellulardigestion

fungi digest outside the body because they have no digestive system, releases enzyms that break down food source

Symbiotic

Organisms live in a relation with each other, they benefit each other

Basidia

Produces spores, located nearby gills

Fungi-like protists

psuepods "false feet" to move

Flagellum

tail which allows organisms to swim

Strepto-

chain of barteria

Obligated Aerobes

need oxygen to survive

Conjugation

method of sexual reproduction in bacteria; transfer plasmid through pilli to recipient and both donor and recipient complete the plasmid through code

Lateral genetransfer

ASK

Pyloric Sphincter

Sphincter between the stomach and the duodenum

Chyme

Liquidity food, when exits from the stomach still contains very acidic enzymes

Secrete

release

large intestine

functions to absorb water, salts, and store nondigestible material



Diarrhea

diarrhea, too little water has been absorbed by the large intestine

constipationtoo much water has been absorbed.

too much water has been absorbed.

liver

- Produces bile


- Filters blood

pepsin (enzyme in stomach)

- Is located in the stomach so has the highest acidic

When fats are broken down by lipase, ____ will be formed.

Fatty acid, gycerol

Tricuspid Valve

On left side

Mitral Valve (allows mineral in)

Right Side

Salivary Amylase

is an enzyme located in the mouth area, it helps chemically break down carbohydrates into softer and smaller chucks. The carbohydrates are then further broken down into glucose.

Lipase = Located in the small intestine, they break down fats into fatty acids and glycero

sd

pulmonary

related to the lungs

What is the anatomical term for the throat

pharynx

The epiglottis is part of the _____ and covers the glottis.

larynx

C-shaped pieces of cartilage are found within the _____

trachea

How many alveoli are there in an average adult lung?

300,000,000

The amount of air that enters the lungs during normal, restful breathing is called the _____.

tidal air volume

The amount of air that cannot be expelled is the _____.

residual volume

vital capacity

Which of these is the sum of the other three?

abundant

lots

Where is the highest amount of carbon dioxide found?

the arteries entering the lung

Most of the oxygen in the blood is found in the _____.

hemoglobin

The vessel that lies deepest in the body, with the thickest wall and carrying blood under greatest pressure is the _______.

artery

When the heart beats, the familiar lub-dup sound occurs as the valves of the heart _____.

close

The ________ and ________ serve as the major vessels for blood in the systemic circuit.

aorta and venae cavae

true or false


In the systemic circuit, like the pulmonary system, arteries contain deoxygenated blood.

false

Human red blood cells lack ________.

nucleus

{King, Philip, Came, Over, For, Grandma’s, Soup}

s

Evolution

The change in the population alleles over time

DARWIN’S OBSERVATIONS:

- Indiviuals in a specie are different


- Variability can be inheritated


- The survivor gets to pass on their genes to their offsprings


- Population tend to remain stable in size

4 Main Points of Natural Selection:

1. Variation in population


2. Struggles in the environment


3. Environmental pressures (select fitt variant)


4. Reproduction

Flaws in Natural Selection

Many species shpw lots of necessary time to evolve certain traits, some don't believe earth has been around for this long,


and there areLarge gaps in the fossil records,

Sexual Dimorphism:

striking differences in physical appearances in male and few

Homologous structure

They similar origins but different functions

Analogous Structure

They have similar function but different origins

vestigial organs

they are evolutionary baggage, structure have no function

Embryological development

Embryos of different species look alike, suggesting common ancestry

Comparative Biochemistry

- Similar DNA sequences = similar traits resulting in closely related species


ex. Cytochrome C is found on all organisms, shows common ancestry

gene pool

total number of alleles in a population at a given time

microevolution

evolution on a species level; evolution on a small scale

Hardy-Weinberg Principle

Allele frequencies will not change as long as:


1. Population remain large


2. Mating opportunities are equal


3. No mutation


4. No migration


5. No natural selection


i.e all individuals have an equal chance of survival




These conditions will not be true all at once


Random


AND


Not random

Random :


- Mutation


- Gene Flow


- Genetic Drift




Not Random:


- Natural Selection


- Artificial Selection


- Sexual selection

Genetic Drift

- Decrease variation


- Random


- Large changes in small time


-




NOT NATURAL SELECTION BECAUSE THE ENVIRONMENT ISN'T SELECTION FOR A SPECIFIC TRAIT, SURVIVAL IS RANDOM

Founder's affect


AND


Bottle neck affect

Founder's affect= When indivuals of a popoulation get issolated from other population




Bottleneck affect= when the original population is cut down, lower genetic variation in the population




Genetic drift

Mutation


when are they passed on




when are they not passed on

passed on when the mutation occurs in the gametes




CAN'T pass on when mutations are in somatic cells

Pre - zygotic (before fertilization)

behavioral isolation


Temporal Isolation


Ecologial isolation ( habitat barriers)


Mechanical Isolation


Gametic Isolation



post-zygotic (after fertilization)

Zygotic mortality (fails to develop to maturity)


Hybrid Inviability (lives short)


Hybrid infertility (offspring is steril)