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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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viral eukaryogenesis
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theory that a large virus was engulfed by a prokaryotic cell and evolved into the modern eukaryotic cell
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difference between virus and virion
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virion is the particle which spreads the infection. A virus is the viral factory after it has infected the cell.
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When did life first arise on earth?
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3.8 billion years ago- Archean Eon
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Time and era
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origin of earth?
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4.6 billion years ago
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virus
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infectious, acellular agent with a protein coat and nucleic acid genome. lacking independent metabolism and replicating only within living cells.
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Life cycle of a virus
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attachment
uncoated transcription of mRNA translation of early proteins replication of viral DNA transcription of late mRNA translation of late proteins assembly of virions release |
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What is biodiversity?
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variation at all levels of biological organization
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What are the 3 different types of biodiversity?
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genetic
organismal ecological |
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genetic diversity
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variation in the genetic makeup between individuals within a population and between populations
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organismal diversity
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The taxonomic hierarchy and it's components
species richness and species evenness |
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species richness
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The number of species within a given sampling
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species evenness
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How abundant each species is relevant to the total number of individuals
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ecological diversity
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ecological differences between habitats and biomes
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What are the levels of biodiversity?
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alpha
beta gamma |
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alpha diversity
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diversity within a particular area or ecosystem
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beta diversity
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differences in species diversity between ecosystems (which species DON'T overlap)
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gamma diversity
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Overall diversity for the different ecosystems in a broad region
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What are the major ways of measuring biodiversity?
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extrapolation (estimates)
diversity indices |
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direct use values of biodiversity
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food
medicine biocontrol industrial materials recreational harvesting ecotourism |
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indirect use values of biodiversity
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ecosystem services
-carbon sequestration -nutrient cycling -pollination -soil formation -food webs |
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non - use values of biodiversity
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option value (saved for future use)
bequest value (leave intact for future generations) existence value (human value placed on living things/ empathy) intrinsic value (value independent from human judgment of worth) |
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What is a character?
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a character is any recognizable trait, feature, or property of an organism (eye color, leaf shape)
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What is a character state?
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a discrete condition within a character (blue eyes, lobed leaf shape)
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process to catalog a new species
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1) name it
2) specify rank of taxon 3) designate a "type" specimen and deposit it at appropriate Institute 4) Describe Species 5) publish name and description in peer reviewed journal |
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What is a holotype?
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organism on which species description is based
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What is isotype?
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collected at the same place and time as holotype
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What is paratype?
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collected at different place or time than holotype
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What is phylogeny?
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The evolutionary history of a taxon
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What is systematics?
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The study of the diversity of organisms and their evolutionary relations.
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define Cladogram
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simplified visualization of a taxon's evolutionary history
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Synapomorphy
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a newly derived character state shared by all members of a taxon (wings for birds)
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Clade
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a group containing a common ancestor and all taxa descending from it
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Monophyletic
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includes most recent common ancestor and all its descendents
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Paraphyletic
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includes the most recent common ancestor but not all its descendents
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Polyphyletic
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grouping derived from more than one ancestor
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Outgroup
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The taxon that serves as a reference group for other taxa in a Cladogram
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Mass extinction events
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End-Ordovician
Late Devonian PERMIAN End-Triassic Cretaceous-Tertiary |
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Proterozoic Eon
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Great oxygenation event
eukaryotic evolve life dominated by soft bodied eukaryotes |
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Periods in the Paleozoic Era
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1-Cambrian (major diversification of form and function)
2-Ordovician (first life on land) 3-Silurian (vascular plants, fish diversification) 4-Devonian (radiation of life on land/ tetrapods and arthropods colonizers land) 5-Carboniferous (reptiles/ extensive forests) 6-Permian (pangea/ starts with ice age ends in mass extinction) |
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Mesozoic Era
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1-Triassic (slow recovery from permian/ mammals & dinosaurs evolve)
2-Jurassic (birds appear/ largest land animals of all time present) 3 - Cretaceous (sea levels highest/ flowering plants appear) |
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Cenozoic Era
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mammals dominate land
Pleistocene epoch - last major ice age Holocene epoch- after ice age/ species radiation |
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Types of single species conservation
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In-Situ
Ex-Situ |
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In-Situ conservation
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conserve where it naturally occurs
-protected areas -sustainable development -restore degraded ecosystems -control invasives |
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Ex-Situ conservation
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conserve outside habitat
-seed banks -culture collections -captive/ artificial propagation |
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Endemic species
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found only in a single limited area
peaks on large oceanic islands increase from pole to equator |
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Biodiversity Hotspots
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Norman Myers
based on vascular plants irreplaceable - atleast 1500 species of endemic vascular plants threatened- lost at least 70% of its native habitat |
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negatives of hot spot approach
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-limited to well known taxa
-limited to terrestrial realm - focused on species richness -does not accurately predict cost of conservation across hotspots |
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nuclear viriogenesis
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The nucleus of a cell was expelled and gave rise to viruses
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