Diversity Of Life Pt 2

Front 1

Continental drift

Back 1

Carboniferous to Permian

Most land was part of Pangaea

Plants had evolved from algae (Ordovician), evolved vascular tissue (Silurian), tall enough to be trees (Devonian)

1st forests (Devonian) inhabited by animals.

Earthworms evolved from Polychaete ancestors (losing limbs, retaining bristles, becoming excabators)

Hint 1

By the end... (9)

Front 2

Arthropods

Back 2

Joint legged.

Were the 1st animals to come ashore (Devonian) from multiple phyla.

At first lots of body segments, short limbs aka basic arthropods.

Centipedes (carniv) and millipedes (herbiv) still here today

Also developed into crustaceans, spiders

Hint 2

5, 4 specifiers

Front 3

Crustaceans

Back 3

Already existed as ocean-dwelling arthropods (w/ calcified skin and claw bearing front appendages) (think lobsters), produced land dwelling forms

example of arthropods coming ashore

Hint 3

4

Front 4

Spiders

Back 4

Evolved from arthropods

Reduced to 2 body segments, 8 walking legs, multiple eyes on head, 'legs' on head

Became pedipalps for manipulating objects, w lungs, webs, egg protection, poison fangs

Hint 4

9

Front 5

Forests

Back 5

Appeared in Devonian

Became widespread in Carboniferous

Carbon from trees buried in bogs have become coal today. So, we know there was a lack of vegetable scavenging bacteria and fungi.

This reduced CO2 in atmosphere, creating high oxygen (flammable) atmosphere.

Hosted first insects (5)

Hint 5

6

Front 6

First Insects

Back 6

4 winged arthropods, first organism to fly

Wings set permanently at right angle (at first, then started to fold wings flat)

Found in carboniferous forests

Hint 6

5

Front 7

Roach

Back 7

Long antennae, flat bodies, quick responses, broad diets

From first insect lineage

Carbonifeous/Permian

Hint 7

5

Front 8

Hemipterans

Back 8

'True bugs'

Descended from first insect lineage (especially the ones who could fold wings)

Still alive today

Hint 8

3

Front 9

Orthopterans

Back 9

Long-hind-legged grasshoppers

Leaf feeders, leap to avoid capture

from first insect lineage

Hint 9

4

Front 10

Bugs

Back 10

Long piercing jointed mouthparts (sometimes used to pierce sap of plants, sometimes to pierce animals), latter forms inject venom (like spiders[9])

Hint 10

4

Front 11

Labyrinthodonts

Back 11

A terrestrial vertebrate survived the Devonian/Carboniferous transition (w/ 5 digit hand and foot)

It's early carboniferous descendants were <----

One of them developed ability to lay hard shelled eggs, allowing not living by water. This is ancestor of reptiles (4) and synapsids (2)

Hint 11

6

Front 12

Reptiles

Back 12

Retained solid lateral skull wall (how to tell reptiles and synapsids apart)

not as successful as Synapsids (at first).

After extinction, reptiles flourished (comparatively)

Descendant of Labyrinthodonts

Hint 12

4

Front 13

Synapsids

Back 13

Large opening behind eye, allowing muscle expansion (how to tell reptiles and synapsids apart)

Evolved into Ophiacodonts (2), Also think: Pelycosaurs, Dinocephalians, Dicynodonts, Dimetrodon

Hint 13

2, 5 specifiers

Front 14

Ophiacodonts

Back 14

Name for synapsids of Carboniferous, early Permian era.

In Permian, they became Pelycosaurs (7)

Hint 14

2

Front 15

Pelycosaurs

Back 15

Descendant of Synapsids (2), early Permian, distinct vertebral spinous processes, more efficient limbs than Ophiacodonts (2). Spine supported back fin evolved, must've been important since it evolved several times (think Dimetrodon).

First vertebrate herbivore was a descendant

Hint 15

7

Front 16

Dinocephalians

Back 16

Group of Synapsids evolved from Pelycosaurs (7) in Middle Permian

Varied sizes, thick skulls, hornlike elaborations. ruled world of large terrestrial animals from 272-262 MYA

predatory and herbivore forms evolved from it

died from major mass extinction (#1), suddenly

Hint 16

7

Front 17

Dicynodonts

Back 17

Synapsid group descended from Pelycosaurs (7), tusked, vegetarian, later Permian

Hint 17

5

Front 18

Permian Era

Back 18

295 mya

All land was landlocked (supercontinent), so drier and hotter

Late permian- the 2 extinctions

Hint 18

2

Front 19

Extinction #2

Back 19

Between Permian and Triassic

Worse than 1st (8myb)

Trilobites gone, Crinoids and Brachiopods now almost irrelevant.

All land animals longer than 2 ft except Lystrosaurus genus.

Everything plummeted, including plant and protistan diversity

Hint 19

5

Front 20

Extinction #1

Back 20

8 million before extinction #2

Destroyed Dinocephalians and others

Hint 20

2

Front 21

Extinction explanation

Back 21

In last 10 years of Permian, land that's now eastern China approached current eastern Siberia, w a narrow sea in between. This area was right over a 'hot spot,' w/ lava coming up. This caused massive volcanic eruptions, causing the 2 extinctions

1) Volcanicity released lots of heat and heat-trapping CO2 into atmosphere

2) Lava pouring into ocean along seacoasts melted oily 'gas hydrates' on ocean bottom, releasing more CO2 and methane

3) Planet was already hot

4) Warmed waters would become oxygen depleted (organisms couldnt breathe)

All this combined caused planet temperature to skyrocket beyond tolerance of most plants and animals

Between both extinctions 97% of organisms died out

Hint 21

260-252 million years ago

1 Story w/ 4 effects

1 fact

Front 22

Survivors of Extinction

Back 22

A few Reptile and Synapsid lineages (took 30 m to reach normal levels)

Of plants- ferns, gingkos, cycads, cone-bearing trees.

Synapsids became nearly extinct during Triassic (our ancestors, the first mammals)

Hint 22

aka survivors of Triassic period

Front 23

Jurassic period

Back 23

200mya

Dominated by...

Reptiles, Insects, Spiders on land

Reptiles, Fish, Mollusks in the sea

Hint 23

3

Front 24

Triassic

Back 24

250 mya

Front 25

Archosaurs

Back 25

Include Dinosaurs (2), Pterosaurs (5), Crocodilians (4)

Improved circulatory system:

Instead of 3 chambers in heart (frogs, salamanders, many reptiles), where there is mixture of deoxygenated and oxygenated blood in one chamber (inefficient). A chamber formed which separates 2 flows of blood (4 chambered).

This happened in mammal ancestry, but we don't know when in synapsid evolution, since only mammals survive.

Hint 25

1 main characteristic in common

3 examples

Front 26

Pterosaurs

Back 26

Think Archosaurs.

Long wings, front-edged by bony extension of 4th finger.

In late Tryassic, early Jurassic had reptilian tail and many teeth.

Were true fliers (preceding birds, though eventually living alongside).

Fossilized stomach cavity remains, so we know they ate fish

Hint 26

5

Front 27

Crocodilians

Back 27

Originally fast moving reptiles of moderate size.

By Jurassic, had sprawling posture, mostly water-dwelling.

Some fish eaters w/ narrow snouts, others predators on land vertebrates (think crocodile)

Hint 27

4

Front 28

Lizards

Back 28

Reptiles, but not archosaurs

Small pointed teeth

Usually arthropod eaters

Important from mid-Triassic times on (on land)

Became snakes

Hint 28

4, became...?

Front 29

Turtles

Back 29

Reptiles, not archosaurs

Evolved hard shell above/below torso in Triassic

Early forms pulled neck sideways under shell

Jurassic on, most could pull head under shell

Eat fish, worms, arthropods

Fairly intelligent

Slow on land and water

Hint 29

7

Front 30

Plesiosaurs

Back 30

Reptiles, not archosaurs

Short tailed, flattened, often large

In Triassic had small heads and long necks.

See what happend in Jurassic

Existed until end of Cretaceous

Hint 30

4

Front 31

Jurassic Plesiosaurs

Back 31

Rifting opened up Atlantic Ocean

Oceans very productive in Jurassic and Cretaceous

One lineage of plesiosaur became massive, w/ large head, shorter neck, large head

50 ft long predator

Hint 31

5

Front 32

Early snakes

Back 32

Jurassic lizards adapted to attack small mammals in burrows

Decreased size of legs and hip/shoulder girdles, became snakes

Attacked prey by grasping w jaws, constricting, not venomous

Hint 32

4

Front 33

Dinosaurs

Back 33

Bipedal dinos of late Triassic led to incredible variety in Jurassic

Both herbivores and carnivores

Includes dromaesaurs (carniverous), stegosaurs (herbivores), sauropods (brontosaurs)

Hint 33

2, 3 specifiers

Front 34

Carniverous Dinosaurs

Back 34

Coat of tiny, downy feathers for temp regulation, sometimes larger feathers for display

Specific- dromaeosurs

Hint 34

3, +1 specific

Front 35

Dromaesaurs

Back 35

Evolved into first birds

Came from carniverous dinosaurs w/ feathers

Sickle-clawed, elongated hands, used feathers to glide onto pray

Still had teeth and long tail

Hint 35

6

Front 36

Stegosaurs

Back 36

Herbivorous dinosaurs

4 legged posture

Started w/ spikes on backs and tail for protection

By Jurassic, spikes became flattened plate, maybe to make it look large.

Spikes remained on tail though

Hint 36

5

Front 37

Sauropods

Back 37

Also Brontosaurs

Reverted to 4 legged posture

Greatly elongated neck and tail

Enormous bodies with columnular legs

Tiny heads.

Fed by stripping leaves from branches.

Larges were 100+ ft long, 50+ metric tons.

Not sure how they sustained size by eating leaves

Hint 37

8

Front 38

Devonian Era

Back 38

415 mya

Front 39

Carboniferous Era

Back 39

360 mya

Front 40

Devonian Era

Back 40

415 mya