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206 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Hormone increased or decreased in Cushing's Syndrome?
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Increased cortisol
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Hormone increased or decreased in Conn's Syndrome?
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Increased aldosterone
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Hormone increased or decreased in Addison's disease?
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Primary adrenal insufficiency: decreased cortisol and aldosterone
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Hormone increased or decreased in Graves?
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Increased T3 and T4
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What is the function of MacConkey's agar?
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Grow lactose fermenters (lactose and neutral red) while inhibiting gram negatives (crystal violent and bile salts)
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What 5 classes of medications are used to treat glaucoma?
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1. Anticholinesterase Inhibitors
2. Cholinomimetics 3. Prostaglandin analogs 4. Alpha blockers 5. Acetazolamide (mannitol in emergency) |
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Pt has angiofibroma, ash-leaf spots of skin depigmentation, history of seizures, and mental retardation.
Condition? Increased risk of which neoplams? |
A.D. Tuberous sclerosis
Cardiac Rhabdomyome, astrocytoma, angiomyolipoma |
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What is the cause and how do you diagnose achalasia?
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Autoimmune destruction of Aurbach's plexus at the LES -> decreased NO release.
Dx with barium swallow of "birds beak" |
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What are the leading causes of death in 15-24 yo?
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1. Injury
2. Homocide 3. Suicide 4. Cancer |
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What are the leading causes of death in 25-64 yo?
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1. Cancer
2. Heart 3. Injuries 4. Suicide 5. Stroke |
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Glomerular disease with anti-GBM antibodies on immunoflourescence?
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Goodpasture's
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Glomerular disease with Kimmelstiel-Wilson lesions on light microscopy?
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Diabetic glomerulonephritis
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Glomerular disease with "spike and dome" appearance on light microscopy?
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Membranous glomerulonephritis
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Glomerular disease with "tram track" of subendothelial humbs on electron microscopy?
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Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
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Glomerular disease with subepithelial humps on electron microscopy?
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Acute post-strep glomerulonephritis
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What are the clinical uses for metronidazole?
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Giardia
Entaomeoba Trichomonas Gardenerella vaginalis Anaerobes Pylori (H.) |
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What are the two MC complications post-MI?
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1. Arrhythmias (esp. V-fib)
2. LV failure 3. Dressler's syndrome |
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What is Dressler's syndrome?
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Constrictive autoimmune fibrinous pericarditis (weeks post-MI)
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What is the cause of Chronic Granulomatous disease, and consequences?
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Lack of NADPH oxidase.
Defective killing post-phagocytosis = opportunistic infections. |
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What is the WAGR complex?
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Wilm's tumor
Aniridia Genitourinary malformation Retardation (mental/motor) |
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Class of: norepinephrine?
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Sympathomimetic
(a1>a2>b1) |
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Class of: metoprolol?
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B1 blocker
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Class of: timolol?
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Nonselective B blocker
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Class of: scopolamine?
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Cholinergic antagonist
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Class of: phenoxybenzamine?
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Alpha blocker
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Class of: bethanechol?
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Cholinergic agonist
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Class of: isoproterenol?
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B agonist
(b1=b2) |
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Class of: donezepil?
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Antiacetylcholinesterase
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Class of: prazocin?
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Alpha blockers
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Class of: atropine?
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Cholinergic antagonist
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Class of: propranolol?
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B1 blocker
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Class of: labetalol?
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B1 blocker
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Class of: hexamethonium?
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Nicotinic antagonist
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Class of: atenolol?
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B1 blocker
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Class of: terbutaline?
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Beta agonist
(b2>b1) |
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Class of: dopamine?
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D agonist
(D1=D2 >b1>a1) |
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Class of: pilocarpine?
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Cholinergic agonist
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Class of: carbachol?
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Cholinergic agonist
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Class of: edrophonium?
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Acetylcholinestase Inhibitor
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Faslodex
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Fulvestran
Treatment of hormone receptor positive metastatic breast cancer in postmenopausal women with disease progression following antiestrogen therapy |
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Class of glycopyrrolate?
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Cholinergic antagonist
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Class of phentolamine?
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Alpha blocker
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Class of neostigmine?
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Cholinesterase Inhibitor
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Class of benztopine?
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Cholinergic antagonist
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Class of terazocin?
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Alpha blocker
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Class of pralidoxime?
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Cholinesterase regenerator
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Class of echothiophate?
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Cholinesterase Inhibitor
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Class of ipratropium?
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Cholinergic antagonist
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Class of epinephrine?
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Sympathomimetic
(a1, a2, b1, b2) |
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Class of esmolol?
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B1 blocker
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Class of oxybutin?
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Cholinergic antagonist
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Equation of volume of distribution?
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Vd =
(amount of drug in body)/ [plasma conc] |
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Equation for clearance?
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CL= (0.7)(Vd) / halflife
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Equation for loading dose?
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LD = Css x Vd
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Equation for maintenance dose?
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MD = Css x CL
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What agents stimulate release of NE from the presynaptic bouton?
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Acetylcholine
Tyramine Ephedrine Amphetamines |
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What agents inhibit the reuptake of NE from the synaptic cleft?
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Cocaine
TCAs Amphetamines |
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Gout + mental retardation + lip biting?
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Lesch-Nyhan
(HGPRT deficiency) |
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Hypertension + hypokalemia + metabolic alkalosis?
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Conn's Primary Hyperaldoseronism
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Fever + night sweats + weight loss?
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B symptoms (lymphoma)
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Adrenal hemorrhage due to meningococcemia?
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Waterhouse-Friedrichson
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Blue sclera?
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Ostoegenesis imperfecta
(type I collagen) |
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Symptoms of Huntington's disease?
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Crazy, chorea, CAG repeats, caudate degeneration, chromosome 'cuatro', age of presentation ~ 'cuarenta'
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What nerve is damaged with scapular winging?
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Long thoracic nerve
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What nerve is damaged with loss of forearm pronation?
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Median nerve
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What nerve is damaged with loss of finger ab- and ad-duction?
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Ulnar nerve
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What nerve is damaged with weak lateral rotation of arm?
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Suprascapular nerve
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What nerve is damaged if pt is unable to abduct arm beyond 10 degrees?
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Axillary nerve
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HY
Opacities seen on x-ray on both sides of the carina? |
Hilar adenopathy = sarcoidosis
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HY
Dermatitis + diarrhea + dementia (and possible death) ? |
Pellagra = B3 niacin deficiency
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HY
Green rings around periphery of iris? |
Keyser-Fleischer rings = Wilson's disease
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HY
Hyperphagia + hypersexuality + hyperorality + hyperdocility? |
Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
(bilateral amygdala lesion) |
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HY
Nystagmus, intention tremor, scanning speech? |
Charcot's triad for multiple sclerosis
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HY
Lower extremity purpura, arthralgia, renal disease? |
Henoch-Schonlein Purpura
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HY
Antimitochondrial antibodies? |
Primary biliary sclerosis
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HY
Antiplatelet antibodies? |
ITP
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HY
Newborn with chronic diarrhea, failure to thrive, and chronic candida? |
SCID
(adenosine deaminase deficiency) |
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HY
Child with eczema, course facies, and cold abscesses? |
Job's Hyper-IgE Syndrome
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HY
Child with partial albinism, peripheral neuropathy, and recurrent infections? |
Chediak-Higashi
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What are the drugs used to treat pheochromocytoma?
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Alpha blockers -
phentolamine (reversible) phenoxybenzamine (irreversible) |
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What is the clinical use for ipratropium?
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COPD (also asthma)
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What is the clinical use for atropine, homatropine, and tropicamide?
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Acetylcholinesterase overdose, mydriasis
(decrease airway/gut secretions, decrease motility, decrease urgency in cystitis) |
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What is the clinical use for benztopine?
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Parkinson's
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What is the clinical use for scopolamine?
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Motion sickness
End of life care |
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In which order of elimination would you see a linear decrease in plasma concentration plotted against time?
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Zero order elimination
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What are the two obligate intracellular bacteria, and main facultative one?
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Obligate- Chlamydia, Rickettsia
Facultative- Legionella |
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Which are the spore forming bacteria?
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Bacillus
Clostridium Coxciella |
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What are the 5 MC encapsulated bacteria?
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H. influenza
K. pneumonia S. pneumonia N. meningitidis Salmonella (these have + Quellung) |
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DOC for anaphylactic shock?
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Epinephrine
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DOC for cardiogenic shock?
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Dobutamine
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DOC for septic shock?
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norepinephrine
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What is the time frame and type of hypersensitivity reaction in hyperacute rejection?
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Type II (preformed ab)
Minutes |
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What is the time frame and type of hypersensitivity reaction in acute rejection?
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Type IV
Weeks |
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What is the time frame and type of hypersensitivity reaction in chronic rejection?
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T-cell and ab-mediated obliterative vascular fibrosis
Months-Years |
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Which antibiotics are used for narrow spectrum anaerobic coverage?
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Metronidazole
Clindamycin |
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What is injured in Erb-Duchenne palsy, and what are the symptoms?
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Upper limb of brachial plexus (C5-C6)
Limb hands medially rotated, forarm pronated |
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What adrenergic receptor dominates and what is the effect in vascular smooth muscle?
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a1
vasoconstrition -> raise BP |
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What adrenergic receptor dominates and what is the effect in renal vasculature?
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D1
renal vasodilation |
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What adrenergic receptor dominates and what is the effect in the heart?
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B1
increased HR and contractility |
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What adrenergic receptor dominates and what is the effect in pulmonary bronchioles?
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B2
bronchodilation |
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What adrenergic receptor dominates and what is the effect in presynaptic neurons?
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a2
decreases sympathetic outflow |
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What adrenergic receptor dominates and what is the effect in pupillary sphincter?
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a1
mydriasis |
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What adrenergic receptor dominates and what is the effect in kidney JG cells?
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b1
increases renin release |
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What adrenergic receptor dominates and what is the effect in beta cells of the pancreas?
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b1
decreases insulin release |
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What adrenergic receptor dominates and what is the effect in alpha cells of the pancreas?
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a2- increases glucagon release
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What adrenergic receptor dominates and what is the effect in the liver?
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b1- increases lypolysis
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HY
Elastic skin, joint hypermobility? |
Ehlers-Danlos (collagen type III)
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HY
Enlarged hard left supraclavicular node? |
Virchow's node (MCC abdominal metastases)
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HY
Large "bull's eye" rash? |
Erythema chronica migricans (Lyme dz via Ixodes tick -> Borrelia burdorferi)
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HY
Strawberry tongue? |
Scarlett Fever
(Kawasaki's dz, and TSS too) |
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HY
Resting tremor, rigidity? |
Parkinsons
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HY
Rash on palms and soles? |
Secondary syphillis
Coxsackie (foot and mouth dz) Rocky Mt Spotted Fever |
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What cytokines are secreted by Th1 cells?
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IFN-gamma
IL-2 |
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What cytokines are secreted by Th2 cells?
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IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10
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What are the down stream effects of the Gq protein cascase?
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PLC --> PIP2 --> (IP3 --> Ca2+) and (DAG --> PKC)
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What are the down stream effects of the Gs protein cascase?
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Adenylate cyclase --> increased cAMP
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What are the down stream effects of the Gi protein cascase?
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Inhibits adenylate cyclase --> decreased cAMP
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What class is imipramine?
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TCA
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What class is amitryptiline?
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TCA
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What class is desipramine?
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TCA
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What class is nortriptiline?
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TCA
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What class is clomipramine?
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TCA
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What class is doxepin?
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TCA
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What class is amozapine?
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TCA
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What class is fluoxetine?
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SSRI
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What class is paroxetine?
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SSRI
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What class is sertraline?
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SSRI
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What class is sertraline?
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SSRI
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What class is citalopram?
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SSRI
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What class is fluvoxamine?
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SSRI
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What class is venlafaxine?
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SNRI
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What class is duloxetine?
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SNRI
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What class is desvenlafaxine?
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SNRI
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What class is sibutramine?
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SNRI
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What class is milnacipram?
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SNRI
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What class is nefazodone?
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SNRI
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What class is phenelzine?
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MAOI
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What class is trancypromine?
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MAOI
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What class is isocarboxazid?
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MAOI
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What class is selegiline?
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MAOI
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What class is bupropion?
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Atypical - increases NE and dopamine
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What class is mirtazapine?
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a2 antagonist
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What class is maprotiline?
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NRI
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What class is trazodone?
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SRI
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Which drugs are tetracyclic?
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mirtazapine and trazodone
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How does the drug dose response curve change with addition of a competitive agonist?
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Shifts right = decreased potency
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How does the drug dose response curve change with addition of a noncompetitive agonist?
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Shifts down = decreased efficacy
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HY
"worst headache of my life" ? |
Subarachnoid hematoma
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HY
Waxy casts in urine? |
Chronic renal failure
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HY
Neuropathy + AV node block? |
Secondary Lyme dz
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HY
Port-wine stain in ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve? |
Sturge-Weber
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HY
Urethritis, conjuctivitis, arthritis? |
Reiter's syndrome (asc'd with HLA B27)
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HY
Lack of GpIIb/IIIa --> defect in platelets --> prolonged bleeding time? |
Glanzmen's thromasthenia
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HY
Painless jaundice? |
Cancer in head of pancreas
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What nerve is at risk in a injury/fracture of the shaft of the humerus?
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Radial nerve
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What nerve is at risk in a injury/fracture of the sugical neck of the humerus?
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Axillary nerve
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What nerve is at risk in a injury/fracture of the supracondyle of the humerus?
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Median nerve
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What nerve is at risk in a injury/fracture of the medial epicondyle of the humerus?
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Radial nerve
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What nerve is at risk in an anterior shoulder dislocation?
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Axillary nerve
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What nerve is at risk in a injury/fracture of the carpal tunnel?
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Median nerve
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What are the 4 phagocytic immunodeficiencies?
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Leukocyte Adhesion Def type I
Chediak-Higashi Chronic Granulomatous Dz Job's Hyper-IgE |
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What are the 3 x-linked immunodeficiencies?
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SCID
Wiskott-Aldrich Bruton's agammaglobulinemia (sometimes- CGD and Job's) |
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HY Personality disorder?
Excessive need to be taken care of, submissive, clinging behavior |
Dependent
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HY Personality disorder?
Low self-confidence, fears of separation and losing support |
Avoidant
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HY Personality disorder?
Grandiosity, feels entitled, lack of empathy |
Narcissistic
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HY Personality disorder?
Suicide attempts (15% mortality), unstable mood and behavior |
Borderline
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HY Personality disorder?
Sense of emptiness and loneliness, impulsiveness |
Borderline
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HY Personality disorder?
Odd appearance, thoughts, and behavior, social akwardness (no psychosis) |
Schitzotypal
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HY Personality disorder?
Controlling, perfectionistic, orderly, stubborn, indecisive |
Obsessive-compulsive
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HY Personality disorder?
Criminality, unable to conform to social norms, disregard for others rights |
Anti-social
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What is the mode?
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The most frequently occuring result/number
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What is the median?
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The result in the absolute center of all the results (after place ascending or descenting order)
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What is mean?
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All results added, and divided by n
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How does positive skew look on a graph?
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Asymmetry with tail on right
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How does negative skew look on a graph?
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Asymmetry with tail on the left
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What cells have CD14?
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Macrophages
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What cells have CD16?
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Macrophages and NK cells
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What cells have CD3?
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T cells
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What cells have CD8?
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Cytotoxic T cells
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What are some main features of Rett disorder?
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Girl, mid-line hand wringing, small head circumference
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What are some main features of Asberger syndrome?
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Can function, fascination with ordinary objects, can communicate
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What are some main features of autism?
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Low IQ, poor communication abilities
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What heart defect is asc'd with chromosome 22q11 deletions?
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Truncus arteriosus
Tetrology of Fallot |
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What heart defect is asc'd with Down syndrome?
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Cardiac cushion defects
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What heart defect is asc'd with congenital rubella?
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PDA
Pulmonary artery stenosis |
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What heart defect is asc'd with Turner's syndrome?
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Coarctation of the aorta
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What heart defect is asc'd with Marfan's syndrome?
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Aortic insufficiency
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What innervates taste in the anterior 2/3?
|
CN VII Facial
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What innervates taste in the posterior 1/3?
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CN X Vagus
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What innervates tongue motor control?
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CN XII Hypoglossal
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What innervates anterior 2/3 of tongue sensation?
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CN V2 Maxillary branch of Trigeminal
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What innervates posterior 1/3 of sensation?
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CN IX Glossopharyngeal
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HY
Bamboo spine on x-ray? |
Ankylosing spondylitis
|
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HY
Anti-histone antibodies? |
Drug-induces SLE
|
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HY
Webbed neck, short stature? |
Turner's syndrome
|
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HY
Painful, raised lesions on palms and fever? |
Infective endocarditis
|
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HY
Dry eyes, dry mouth, arthritis? |
Sjongren's syndrome
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What percent of the sample will fall within 1, 2, or 3 standard deviations?
|
1 = 68%
2 = 95% 3 = 99% |
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What conditions are asc'd with an elevated ESR?
|
Infections, inflammation, cancer, pregnancy, SLE
|
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What conditions are asc'd with a decreased ESR?
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Sickle cell, polycythemia, CHF
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What are the toxic side effects of TCAs?
|
Convulsions, coma, cardiotoxic, antiCholinergic
(hyperpyrexia, and respiratory depression) |
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What anti-seizure drugs are also used to treat bipolar disorder?
|
Carbamazepine
Valproate Lamotrigine |
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What are the clinical uses of tetracylines?
|
VACUM THe BedRoom
Vibrio cholera, Acne, Chlamydia, Urea uralytica, Mycoplasma pneumonia, Tularemia, H pylor, Borrelia burgdorferi, Rickettsia |
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What are the clinical uses of macrolides?
|
PUS
Pneumonia, atypicals URIs STDs |
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What are the clinical uses of 2nd gen. cephalosporins?
|
HEN PEKS
H influenza, Enterobacter, Neisseria, Proteus mirabilis, E coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Serratia marcescens |
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What brain structure is responsible for extraocular movements during REM sleep?
|
PPRF
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