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99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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lens shaped lesion on CT
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epidural hematoma
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Pigmented hamartomas in the iris
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Lisch Nodules
What disease? |
NF 1
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Owl's Eye associations
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Owl's Eye Inclusions - CMV
Owl's Eye Nucleus - Hodgkins(Reed Sternberg Cell) Owl's Eye protozoan - Giardia Lamblia |
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Painless jaundice
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Pancreatic cancer in head of pancreas
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Venlafaxine
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SNRI antidepressant
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What is special about Cholestyramine
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Can bind C.diff toxin
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Fluphenazine
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High potency typical neuroleptic similar to haloperidol
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Trazodone
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Anti-depressants
classic side effect? |
Priapism
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Carteolol
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beta blocker for glaucoma
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Clozapine
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atypical antipsychotic
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Clarithromycin
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Macrolide
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Famotidine
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H2 blocker
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Fluvoxamine
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SSRI
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Selegeline
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MAO for Parkinsons
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Terbinafin
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Antifungal
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VPL
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Somatosensory for body from...?
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spinothalamic and dorsal column/medial lemniscus
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LGN
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Vision from....?
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Visual Retina to occipital lobe
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VPM
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somatosensory and taste from face via...?
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trigeminal and gustatory
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MGN
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Hearing via?
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Superior olive and inferior colliculus of pons
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Copper, Gold, Arsenic
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Penicillamine
"copper pennies, monetary unit, etc." |
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Arsenic, Mercury, Gold
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Dimercaprol
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tPA, streptokinase
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Aminocaproic acid which decreases fibrin
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Digitalis OD
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stop dig, normalize K+ and Mg+, Anti-dig Ab
if bradycardia? If tachyarrhythmia? |
Bradi -- Atropine
Tachy -- Lidocaine |
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Clearance equation
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0.7 * Vd / Half life
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Loading Dose? Maintenance Dose?
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Css = LD/Vd
or LD = Css * Vd Css = MD / Cl MD = Css * Cl |
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inhibit Warfarin catabolism
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TMP-SMX, Metronidazole, Cholestyramine,
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aspirin induced asthma
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nasal polyps due to excess shunting of arachadonic acid to leukotrienes
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What is Wallenberg syndrome? What nucleus is only damaged in Wallenberg Syndrome?
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Occlusion of PICA - nucleus ambiguus - AKA Lateral Medullary syndrome
Symptoms? |
Don't PICA horse(hoarseness) that can't eat(dysphagia)
CONTRALATERAL loss of pain and temperature(spinothalamic) IPSILATERAL loss of CN 5, 8, 9, 10, 11 and Horner's |
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Lateral Inferior Pontine Syndrome
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Occlusion of AICA
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Hemineglect arises from?
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MCA stroke of non-dominant(right) side
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Ant Circulation of Brain derives from?
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Int. Carotid
Post circulation derives from? |
Subclavian
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Omalizumab
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Anti-IgE antibody used for moderate to severe asthma
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Each bronchopulmonary segment has...
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A tertiary bronchus and two arteries(bronchial and pulmonary) in the center. What drains along the borders?
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Veins and lymphatics
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What is the largest contributor of functional dead space?
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Apex of lung
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Drug induced Methemoglobinemia
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Chloroquine, Primaquine, Dapsone, Sulfonamides, Lidocaine, Metoclopromide, Nitrates
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How do you cure cyanide poisoning?
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Give nitrates to oxidize hemoglobin which binds CN. Then give thiosulfate which will make thiocyanate allowing for renal excretion.
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Normal A-a gradient
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10-15
PAO2 - PaO2 normal PAO2 = 104 normal PaO2 = 40 |
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Alveolar Gas Equation
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PAO2 = PIO2 - PaCO2/R
Alveolar PO2 = PO2 in inspired air - arteriolar CO2/R Where R = CO2 produced/ O2 consumed |
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Where is ventilation quantitatively greater?
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Base of the lung. Perfusion also.
WHere is V/Q greatest? |
Apex
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How does exercise change the V/Q mismatch of the apex of the lung?
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It increases perfusion, bringing V/Q closer to 1(normally it is 3)
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Haldane effect
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It is the release of H+ in lungs that causes shift of H2CO3 to CO2 and H2O.
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False vocal cords histology
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squamous epithelium
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True vocal cords histology
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ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
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Most common symptom of laryngeal cancer
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hoarseness
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inspiratory stridor in epiglottis?
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in epiglottis is H.flu
in Trachea is? |
Parainfluenza
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What decreases surfactant production?
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C-section(stress)
Insulin(diabetic mothers) |
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What is surfactant produced by?
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lamellar bodies of Type II pneumocytes
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What congenital defect will occur with hypoxemia due to respiratory distress due to lack of surfactant?
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PDA doesn't close due to hypoxemia
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Signs of Consolidation(CA Pneumonia, lobar pneumonia)
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decreased percussion, increased fremitus, egophany(e to A), whispering pectoriloquey(patients whisper, you hear loudly on stethoscope)
How do you differentiate pleural effusion from consolidation? |
only have decreased percussion
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Most common cause of bronchiolitis
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RSV or pneumonia
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Chlamydia Trachomatis
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whizzing a week after birth, increased AP diameter, conjunctivitis, infective cervix
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Green cod discoloration sputum
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Pseudomonas
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mucoid appearing sputum
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Klebsiella
can cause cavitations in? |
upper lobe
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Legionella
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atypical pneumonia(no productive cough), can disseminate to kidneys causing hyponatremia due to interstitial nephritis
word association? |
water cooler
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spherule with endospore
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coccidioides
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fungus inside macrophages
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histoplasmosis
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Treats histoplasmosis and cryptococcus
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Actinomycin
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Right upper lobe massive cavitary lesion with massive hemoptysis
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Aspergillosis
What other disease presentations? |
Invasive vascular disease
Asthma Associated Aspergillosis |
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Silver Stain
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Legionella
Bartonella Henselae Pneumocystic Carinii Bacillary Angiomatosis |
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Ping pong ball on silver stain
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PCP
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CD<200 pneumonia on HIV?
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PCP
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TMP-SMX treats?
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PCP and Toxoplasmosis(Ring enhancing lesions)
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Cavitating lesions of the lung?
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Fungus -- Histoplasmosis
Cancer -- Squamous Cell Carcinoma Bacteria -- Klebsiella |
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Caplan's Syndrome
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Rheumatoid Arthritis in the lung + Pneumoconiosis
Rheumatoid nodules in the lung |
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Sarcoidosis classic presentation
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Black person, 35 yrs old, dyspnea with some kind of face involvement(uveitis -- blurry vision, sacrimal or lacrimal gland involvement)
What do you treat with? |
Steroids
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ACE enzyme is very high
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anything with non-caseating granulomas
Sarcoidosis, Berylliosis, etc. |
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What enzyme do non-caseating granulomas have?
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ACE as well as
1 alpha hydroxylase -- leads to hypercalcemia secondary to Vit D production |
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Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis is what type of hypersensitivity?
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Mixed Type III, IV hypersensitivity
Farmer's Lung |
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Disease of TERMINAL bronchioles
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Chronic Bronchitis(also asthma and bronchiolitis)
The pathology is proximal to that where you have? |
Mucous gland hypertrophy
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Muscles of inspiration
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EXTERNAL intercostals, Scalene muscles, sternomastoids
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Muscles of expiration
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INTERNAL intercostals, obliques, rectus and transverus abdominus
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Largest contributor of functional dead space?
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Apex of lung
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Determine physiologic dead space
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Tidal volume x percent CO2 consumed
or Vd = Vt x (Alveolar/Arteriolar CO2 - Expired CO2) / Alveolar/Arteriolar CO2 |
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What gene is inactivated in primary pulmonary fibrosis?
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BMPR2
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even loss of ventilation and perfusion
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emphysema -- this means?
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no CO2 retention
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cupfuls of pus
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bronchiectasis
most common cause in US? 3rd world? |
CF in US
TB in 3rd world |
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Describe MC pathogenesis of ARDS
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Sepsis leads to neutrophil invasion causing leaky capillaries which can then cause hyaline membrane disease. Neutrophils also destroy surfactant causing alveolar collapse. This all causes sepsis in about a day.
What follows sepsis? |
DIC on day 2-3
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What kind of disease will you avoid the use of ACE inhibitors?
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bilateral renal stenosis
this is because they decrease GFR by preventing constriction of efferent arterioles |
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Aldosterone effect on various ions
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Wastes K+, Cl-, H+
Retains Na+ and H20 |
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Chloride response to loop and thiazide diuretics
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Cl- is paradoxically increased
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fruity breath odor
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diabetic ketoacedosis(acetone)
a/w what infections? |
mucormycosis, rhizopus
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What ion is lost in DKA?
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Potassium is depleted from intracellular stores but is circulating in extracellular space which is then diuresed. If insulin is given, can cause hypopotassiumemia in blood due to the re-entry into IC space.
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hyponatremia associated pneumonia
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Legionella
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bilateral infiltrates that appear more severe than expected based on mild clinical presentation
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Mycoplasma Pneumonia
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Pneumonia a/w increased IgE
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Aspergillus
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Influenza A pneumonia clinical presentation
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fulminant fever, headache, myalgia, malaise that gradually improves over 2-5 days
Can develop secondary bacterial infection usually from? |
Staph aureus
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Superinfects on influenza pneumonias
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Strep Pneumo, Staph, H flu
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Histology of Large Cell Carcinoma
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Pleomorphic Giant Cells with leukote fragments in cytoplasmcy
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Kulchitsky cells
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small dark blue cells
from which cancer? |
Small Cell Cancer
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Lambert-Eaton Syndrome
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Small Cell Carcinoma
Other PNS? |
ACTH or ADH secretion
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PTHrP PNS
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Squamous Cell Carcinoma
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Squamous cell carcinoma histology
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Keratin pearls and intercellular bridges
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Bronchioloalveolar adenocarcinoma
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hypertrophic osteoarthropathy
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N-acetylcysteine MOA as a mucolytic
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breaks apart disulfide bonds which loosens thick mucus.
Used in CF |
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Location of Neurons in Spinothalamic Tract
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Pain and Temperature
1st - Sensory nerve(nerve type?) 2nd - IPSILATERAL grey matter of dorsal horn which then DECUSSATES and ascends and... Synapses in VPL of Thalamus where it goes to 3rd order neuron in primary somatosensory cortex. |
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Location of Neurons in Corticospinal Tract
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1st - UMN in primary motor cortex that travels through ipsilateral internal capsule and DECUSSATES in caudal medulla and descends to synapse on an ventral horn neuron on a LMN
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Location of Neurons in Dorsal Column Tract
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Sensory neuron synapses on dorsal horn neuron which ascends ipsilaterally on dorsal horn(gracilis and cuneatus tract), DECUSSATES at medulla and travels to synapse on VPL. That neuron then synapses on primary somatosensory cortex.
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What kind of nerve fibers are primary neuron in spinothalamic pathway?
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A-delta and C-fibers
Which fiber is unmyelinated? |
C fibers
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Fasciculations are a...
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LMN sign
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