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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what drugs are known for their anticholinergic side effects?
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typical neuroleptics (thioridezine and chlorpromezine)
1st gen antihistamines TCA amantidine |
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usefulness of dexamethasone suppression test
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high dexamethasone will suppress cortisol if d/t ACTH (pituitary tumor)
low dose will suppress normal individual nothin will suppress if ectopic production |
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what enzyme is inhibited by ketoconazle?
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desmolase in the adrenal steroid synthesis pathway
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surface markers of B lymphocyte
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CD19, CD20, CD21, IgM, IgD
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part of humoral response; arises from stem cells in bone marrow; matures in marrow
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B lymphocyte
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B cells migrate to ______ after they mature
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peripheral lymphoid tissue: follicles of spleen, unencapsulated lymphoid tissue
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when antigen is encountered, B cells differentiate into
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plasma cells
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B cells are stimulated by
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IL-4 and IL-5
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off-center nucleus, clock face chromatin distribution, baundant RER and well-developed Golgi apparatus
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plasma cell
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multiple myeloma is a neoplasm of
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plasma cells
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russell bodies
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in MM, w/in plasma cells d/t Ig accumulation and formation
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monoclonal vs. polyclonal Ab: which one is MM?
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monoclonal
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kappa lambda ratio changes in
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MM
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cell surface proteins: all T cells
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TCR
CD 3 CD28 |
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TCR
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binds antigen-MHC complex, on T-cells
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CD3 is associated with
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TCR; for signal transduction
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CD28 is on______
binds______ |
T cells
binds B7 on APC |
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cell surface proteins: helper T cells
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CD4, (TCR, CD3 ,CD28)
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cell surface proteins: cytotoxic T cells
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CD8 (TCR, CD3, CD28)
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cell surface proteins: B cells
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Ig
CD19, CD20, CD21 CD40 MHC II B7 |
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what receptor does EBV bind to?
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CD21
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cell surface proteins: macrophages
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CD14, CD40, CD16
MHC II, B7 Fc and C3b receptors (enhanced phagocytosis) |
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CD40
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antigen-presenting cells
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CD16
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binds constant region of Ig- makes it easier to digest cells marked with Ig
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NK
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CD16
CD56 |
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CD56
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unique to NK cells
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MHC I
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on all cells except mature red blood cells
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portion of Ig that fixes complement
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Fc of IgM and IgG
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what holds Ab together? where?
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disulfide bonds
connects heavy chains together, 1 for each light and heavy chain bond, and within light and heavy chains to hold them together |
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what determines the idiotype of antibodies?
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Fab
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antigenic specificity
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each B cell will only attack one antigen
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Vh
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hypervariable region
on the end of the Fab region contains both light and heavy chain regions |
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what CD recognizes Fc?
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CD16
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kappa lambda ratio in normal situation
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2:1
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antibody diversity generated by
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random recombination of VJ or VDJ genes
random combination of eavy chains with light chains somatic hypermutation (following stimulatoin) addition of nucleotides to DNA during recombination by terminal deoxynucleotidyyl transferase |
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3 functions of Ab
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opsoniziation: antibody promotes phagocytosis
neutralization: antibody prevents =bacterial adherence complement activation: antibody acitvates complement, enhancing opsonization and lysis |
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main antibody in secondary )delayed response)
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IgG
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most abundant in blood (Ab)
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IgG
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half life of IgG
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21 days
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fixes complement
crosses the placenta opsonizes bacteria neutralizes bacterial toxins and vriuses |
IgG
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does not fix complement
crosses epitheial cells by transcytosis primary Ig in MALT gets secretory component from epithelial cells |
IgA
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prevents attachment of bacteria and viruses to mucous membranes
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IgA
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produced in the primary/immediate response to an infection
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IgM
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"massive" Ig
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IgM- pentamer
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antigen receptor on B cells (Ig?)
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IgM
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can trap free antigens out of tissue while humoral response evolves
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IgM- d/t pentamer structure
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Ig with unclear function, but found in serum and on the surface of B cells
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IgD
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binds mast cells and basophils; cross-links when exposed to allergen, mediaitng immediate hypersensitivity
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IgE
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causes release of histamine
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IgE
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mediates immunity to worms by activiat9ing eosinophils
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IgE
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lowest concentration Ig in serum
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IgE
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active vs. passive immunity: more rapid
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passive
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active vs. passive immunity: short span
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passive
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active vs. passive immunity: caused by natural infection, vaccines, toxoid
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active
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for what infections are patients given antibodies post-exposure?
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To Be Healthy Rapidly
Tetanus Botulinum Hbv Rabies |
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vaccine with microorganism that is no longer pathogenic but still has the ability to grow transiently and induce a cellular response
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live attenuated vaccine
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which type of vaccine should you not give to an immunocompromised patient?
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live attenuated
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how does a live attenuated vaccine elicit a response?
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goes into cells and is presented to induce an immune rsponse
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examples of live attenuated vaccine
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measles, mumps, oral polio, varicella, yellow fever, small pox, intranasal flu
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which vaccine induces cellular immunity? humoral immunity?
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live attenuated: cellular
inactivated/killed: humoral response |
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pathogen is inactivated by heat or chemicals, maintaining the epitope structure on the surface
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killed/inactivated vaccine
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examples of inactivated/ killed vaccine
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cholera, influenza shot, hepatitis A, polio shot, rabies
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what kind of vaccine do you give to an HIV+ patient who has never had MMR?
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still give live attenuated bif they have never had it
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which vaccine is thymus independent?
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killed- no peptide to present
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what type of antigen cannot be presented by MHC to T cells?
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thymus independent- no peptide component (like lipopolysaccharide)- they only stimulate release of IgM antibodies and do not cause memory
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what is a conjugated vaccine?
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vaccines that use polysaccharide components conjugate a protein to the sugar antigen to promote T-cell activation and subsequent class-switching
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pneumovax, Hib, and meningococcal vaccines are all
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conjugate vaccines
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beta pleated sheets demobstrable by aapple-green birefringence of Congo red stain under polarized light
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amyloidosis
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AL protein
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Bence Jones protein derived from Ig light chains
seen in multiple myeloma |
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AA protein
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serum amyloid-associated protein seen in chronic inflammatory disease
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transthyretin
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seen in senile cardiac amyloidosis
derived from AF |
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amylin
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amyloidosis seen i diabetes mellitus type 2, derived from AE
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A-CAL
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amyloidosis seen in medullary thyroid cancer
derived from calcitonin |
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beta-amyloid
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seen in Alzheimer's disease
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b2- microglobulin
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amyloidosis seen in dialysis patients
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RAG 1 and RAG 2
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(recombination activating gene complex)
act at RSS to make breaks in dsDNA |
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RSS
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Recombination Signal Sequences that flank the V, D, and J coding regions
these sequences are where breaks in the DNA can occur to cause rearrangement |
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what do V, D and J stand for?
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variable
diversity joining |
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VDJ recombination creates
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coding regions for each specific antigen receptor on B and T cells- anything that binds antigen
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confers immunity to neonates
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IgG
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what cellular organelles are particularly important to plasma cell function?
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RER and golgi
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