Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
tidal volume
|
amount inhaled and exhaled with each breath
normal 5 ml/lg (500-600) |
|
|
minute ventilation
|
amount inhaled and exhaled in one minute
|
|
|
Increased minute ventilation leads to what?
|
increased CO2 loss
|
|
|
What is vital capacity?
|
maximum amount of air exhaled after maximun inhalation (10-15 cc/kg)
|
|
|
What is inspiratory force?
|
ability to deep breathe and cough strong enough to clear excretions
|
|
|
When is an inbalance compensated
|
When the pH is in the normal range of 7.35-7.45
|
|
|
What are three causes of Acute Respiratory Acidosis
|
Respiratory depression
decreased ventilation altered diffusion in alveoli |
|
|
What lab values signify respiratory acidosis?
|
Inc PaCO2
inc or normal HCO3 dec pH |
|
|
What lab values signify respiratory alkalosis?
|
dec PaCO2
dec or normal HCO3 inc pH |
|
|
What lab values signify metabolic acidosis?
|
dec or normal PaCO2
dec HCO3 dec pH |
|
|
What lab values signify metabolic alkalosis?
|
inc or normal PaCO2
inc HCO3 inc pH |
|
|
What are the S/S of resp acidosis?
|
feeling of fullness in the head
mental cloudiness muscular twitching convulsions warm, flushed skin unconsciousness vent fib |
|
|
What are common causes of acute resp alkalosis?
|
anxiety, fear
pain, hypoxis head injury fever mechanical ventilation (overventilation) pulm edema aspiration sleep apnea |
|
|
What are the S/S of respi alkalosis?
|
lightheadedness
inability to concentrate those r/t dec calcium ionization - numbness and tingling or circulmoral parathesis |
|
|
What are common causes of metabolic acidosis?
|
gain of strong acid
loss of bicarbonate |
|
|
What causes gain of acids in metabolic acidosis?
|
ketoacidosis
lactic acidosis ASA OD methanulyl or antifreeze OD |
|
|
What causes loss of bicarbonate in metabolic acidosis?
|
severe diarrhea
|
|
|
What are the S/S of metabolic acidosis?
|
HA
confusion drowsiness inc RR and depth N/V peripheral vasodialtion ec CO2 if pH falls below |
|
|
What causes metabolic alkalosis?
|
loss of strong acid
gain of bicarbonate |
|
|
What are the S/S of metabolic alkalosis?
|
depressed respiration (compensatory action)
those r.t dec calcium ionization dizziness tingling of fingers and toes circumoral paresthesis carpopedal spasm'hypertonic muscles |
|
|
What are the characteristics of chest pain?
|
onset
precipitating factors location radiation quality intensity duration relieving factors associated findings |
|
|
What are the associated findings of chest pain
|
dyspnea
pallor diaphoresis n/v apprehension anxiety/fear |
|
|
What is the path of normal cardiac conduction
|
SA node
atria AV node bundle of His Purkinje fibers ventricles |
|
|
What is the normal pathway of blood thru the cardiac system?
|
Pulm vein - LA, Mitral Valve, L vent, to body, SVC/IVC, RA, LA, pulm artery, lungs
|
|
|
What state is the heart in during diastole?
|
filling (relaxed)
tricuspid and mitral valves open |
|
|
What state is the heart in during systole?
|
pumping
tricuspid and mitral valves closed |
|
|
What is the normal PR interval?
|
0.12 - 0.20 sec
|
|
|
What occurs in the heart during the PR interval?
|
the SA node is sending the action potential to the AV node
|
|
|
What is occuring in the heart during the P wave?
|
atrial excitation
|
|
|
What is occuring in the heart during the QRS complex?
|
atrial systole
atrial diastole ventricular excitation |
|
|
What is occuring in the heart during the T wave?
|
ventricular systole
|
|
|
What is occuring in the heart during the U wave
|
ventricle diastole
|
|
|
What drugs are used for rate control in atrial fib?
|
BB
CCB heparin or lovenox tx dose |
|
|
What is a normal INR for atrial fib?
|
2-3
|
|
|
What is given before a rhythym change is initiated?
|
anticoagulant to avoid thrombus event
|
|
|
What does atrial flutter look like on the ECG?
|
sawtooth P waves
|
|
|
What is used to treat PVC's
|
BB
|
|
|
What occurs during vent tachycardia?
|
excessive PVC's
|
|
|
What causes vent tachycardia?
|
myocardial ischemia
cardiac drug toxicity electrolyte imbalances |
|
|
which labs are monitored during vent trachy?
|
K
Ca Mg |
|
|
What is BNP?
|
B-type Naturiuretic peptide
Marker for CHF |
|
|
When is BNP released and from where?
|
released from L vent in response to volume or
pressure overload, L vent hyper, cardiac inflammation |
|
|
When are serial cardiac markers performed?
|
q 6-8 hr x3
|
|
|
What are the rise, peak and length of CK-MB?
|
rise 4-8 hr
peak 15-24 hr duration 2-3 days |
|
|
What is cardiac troponin?
|
protein that is specific to the heart muscle
|
|
|
What are the rise, peak and length of cardiac troponin?
|
Rise 4-6 hr
peak 10-24 hr duration 15 days |
|
|
What action is taken if the intial cardial troponin is elevated?q
|
pt goes straight to the cath lab
|
|
|
What is STEMI?
|
ST Elevation MI
|
|
|
Which side does the trachea shift to in atelectasis?
|
same side as the problem
|
|
|
Which side does the trachea shift to with pneumothorax?
|
opposite side as the problem
|
|
|
Tactile fremitus is evaluated by the patient stating what?
|
ninetnine
|
|
|
With normal fremitus, where can vibrations be heard?
|
over the tgrachea but barely palpable over the periphery
|
|
|
What occurs with decreased fremitus?
|
there is interference with the transmission of vibrations
|
|
|
What disorders can cause decreased tactile fremitus?
|
pleural effusion
pneumothorax bronchial obstruction plerual thickening emphysema |
|
|
What occurs with increased fremitus?
|
there is a nincrease in the transmission of vibrations
|
|
|
What disorders can cause increased tactile fremitus?
|
pneumonia
lung cancer pulmonary fibrosis |
|
|
What are the characteristics (tone, intensity, pitch, druation, quality) and causes of resonance?
|
loud, low, long and hollow
heard in a normal lung or with bronchitis |
|
|
What are the characteristics (tone, intensity, pitch, druation, quality) and causes of hyperresonance?
|
very loud, very low, long, booming
asthma, emphysema and pneumothorax |
|
|
What are the characteristics (tone, intensity, pitch, druation, quality) and causes of tympany?
|
loud, musical, medium, drumlike
large pneumothorax emphysematous blebs |
|
|
What are the characteristics (tone, intensity, pitch, druation, quality) and causes of dullness?
|
medium, med to high, medium, thudlike
atelectasis, plerual effusion, pulmonary edema pneumonia, lung mass |
|
|
What are the characteristics (tone, intensity, pitch, druation, quality) and causes of flatness?
|
soft, high, short, extremely dull
massive atelectasis, pneumonectomy |
|
|
Where are vesicular breath sounds heard?
|
over most of the lung field; low pitch; soft, short
exhalation and long inhalation |
|
|
Where are nronchovesicular breath sounds heard?
|
over main bronchus area and
upper R posterior lung field medium pitch, exh = inh |
|
|
Displaced bronchial sounds indicate what?
|
atelectasis with secretions
lung mass with exudate pneumonia plerual effusion pulmonary effusion |
|
|
Crackles indicate what? What do they sound like?
|
pulmonary edema
pneumonia pulmonary fibrosis atelectasis bronchiectasis short, discretem popping or crackling sounds |
|
|
Ronchi indicate what?
What do they sound like? |
pneumonia
asthma bronchitis bronchospasm coarse, rumbling, low-pitched sounds |
|
|
What do wheezes indicate and what do they sound like?
|
asthma
bronchospasm high-pitched, squeaking, whistling sounds |
|
|
What do pleural friction rubs indicate and what do they sound like?
|
pleural effusion
pleurisy creaking, leathery, loud, dry, coarse sounds |
|
|
Differentiate between bronchophony, whispered pectoriloquy and egophony
|
ninety nine heard clearly
whispered 1,2,3 heard clearly "e" sound changes to an "a" sound |
|
|
What is the normal value of the CaO2?
|
20 ml per 100 ml of blood
|
|
|
What is CaO2?
|
measure of total amount of oxygen carried in the blood
|
|
|
What is intrapulmonary shunting?
|
venous blood that flows to the lungs without being
oxygenated r/t nonfunctining alveoli (low V/Q) |
|
|
What is tidal volume (VT,TV)?
|
volume of air moved in.out of the lungs wiht each breath (7 ml/kg or 500ml)
|
|
|
What is Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?
|
volume of air that can be maximally inspired above normal inspiratory level (3000 ml)
|
|
|
What is expiratory reserve volume (EFV)?
|
volume of air than can be maximally exhaled behond normal expiratory level (1000 ml)
|
|
|
What is residual volume (RV)?
|
volume of air remaining in lungs at end of maximal expiration (1000 ml)
|
|
|
What is inspiratory capacity (IC)?
|
Vt + ERV volume air maximally inspired from a
normal inspiratory level (3500 ml) |
|
|
What is function residual capacity (FRC)?
|
RV+ERV; volume of air remaining in lungs at end of normal expiration (2000 ml)
|
|
|
What is vital capacity?
|
Vt+IRC+ERV; voluem of air maximally expired after maximal inspiration (4500 ml)
|
|
|
What is total lung capacity (TLC)?
|
Vt+IRC+ERV+RV; volume of air lungs can hold with maximal inspiration (5500-6000 ml)
|
|
|
What is minute ventilation (Ve)
|
volume of air expired per minute (5-10 L)
|
|
|
What is alveolar ventilation (Va)?
|
volume of tidal air involved in alveolar gas exchange (350 ml)
|
|
|
What is forced vital capacity (FVC)?
|
volume of air in a forceful maximal expiration (4500 ml)
|
|
|
What is forced expiratory volume (FEV)?
|
volume of air exhaled in prescribed period
|
|
|
Type I ARF (hypoxemic normocapnic respiratory failure) presents with what lab values?
|
Low PaO2
Normal PaCO2 |
|
|
Type II ARF (hypoxemic hypercapnic respiratory failure) presents with what lab values?
|
Low PaO2
High PaCO2 |
|
|
Type I ARF typically results from what causes?
|
V/Q mismatching
intrapulmonary shunting |
|
|
Type II ARF typically results from what causes?
|
alveolar hypoventilation which may or may no
be accompanied by: V/Q mismatching and intrapulmonary shunting |
|
|
Why does V/Q mismatching occur?
|
when the ventilation and blood flow
are mismatched in various regions of the lung in excess of what is normal |
|
|
What is Acute Lung Injury (ALI) characterized by?
|
noncardiac pulmonary edema and
disruption of the alveolar-capillary membrane as a result of injury to pulmonary vasculature or airways |
