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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Where does the left occipital lobe receive images from?
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The right visual fields
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Where does the right occipital lobe receive images from?
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The left visual fields
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What nerve is the optic nerve?
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Cranial nerve II
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What is the space between the lens and the retina called?
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Posterior cavity
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What type of fluid does the posterior cavity contain?
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vitreous humor
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What is the space between the cornea and lens called?
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anterior cavity
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What are the two sections of the anterior cavity?
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Anterior chamber and posterior chamber
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What type of fluid is in the anterior cavity?
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Aqueous humor
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What is normal intraocular pressure (IOP) in the anterior cavity in mmHg?
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below 24 mmHg
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What is the name of the diagnostic test that measures visual acuity?
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Snellen chart
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What is the name of the test that checks central and peripheral vision?
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Visual field test
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What procedure measures IOP (intraocular pressure)?
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Tonometry
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What instrument examines the internal structures of the eye?
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Opthalmoscope
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What is the procedure that examines the angle of the anterior chamber of the eye?
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Gonioscopy
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What is the condition that is characterized by nearsightedness?
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Myopia
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What is the condition that is characterized by the image being focused in front of the lens?
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Myopia
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What is the condition that is characterized by farsightedness?
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Hyperopia
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What is the condition that is characterized by the image being focused behind the retina?
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Hyperopia (eyeball is too short)
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What is the condition that is characterized by farsightedness associated with aging?
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Presbyopia
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What is the physiological cause of Presbyopia?
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Loss of elasticity reduces accommodation
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What condition is characterized by an irregular curvature in the cornea or lens?
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astigmatism
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What is another name for double vision?
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Diplopia
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What is the condition that results from the deviation of one eye that leads to double vision and is usually attributed to weak muscles, short muscles, or a neurological defect?
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Strabismus (squint or cross eye) - must be treated in children immediately to prevent amblyopia
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What is the condition that is characterized by involuntary movement of one or both eyes?
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Nystagmus
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What are the causes of Nystagmus?
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Neurological causes, inner ear or cerebellar disturbances, drug toxicity
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What are possible causes of diplopia?
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Double vision can be due to trauma to cranial nerves resulting in paralysis of extraocular muscles, can occur from stroke. Leads to loss of depth perception
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What is the condition characterized by the suppresion of the visual image by the brain in the affected eye?
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amblyopia
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What condition occurs as the result of increased IOP caused by excessive accumulation of aqueous humor?
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Glaucoma
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Is Glaucoma acute or chronic disease?
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can be either
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What are the S&S for glaucoma?
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Halos around lights at night, loss of peripheral vision, pain may occur if IOP is greatly increased as occurs in acute form
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What is another name for acute glaucoma?
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Narrow angle glaucoma (sudden increase in IOP)
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The angle between the corna and iris is decreased in which type of glaucoma?
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acute/narrow-angle glaucoma
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What are possible causes of acute glaucoma?
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aging, developmental abnormalities, scar tissue from trauma/infection
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What is a possible treatment for acute glaucoma?
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surgery
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What is another name for chronic glaucoma?
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Open-angle glaucoma (gradual increase in IOP)
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What is a treatment for chronic glaucoma?
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eye drops
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Who is prone to a higher incidence of chronic glaucoma?
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> 50
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What is the pathophysiology of chronic glaucoma?
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Thickening of the trabecular network which allows for reabsorption of fluid
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What is the prognosis for chronic glaucoma?
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Can eventually lead to ischemia and damage to retinal cells. If pressure continues to increase, damage to the optic nerve occurs. Can lead to blindness
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What is the condition characterized by progressive opacity or clouiding of the lens?
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cataracts
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What are possible causes of cataracts?
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age related, metabolic abnormalities, excessive exposure to sunlight, congenital, traumatic
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What is the treatment for cataracts?
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outpatient surgery with len replacement
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What is an area of blackness that occurs in the visual field? What condition is this associated with?
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Scotomas. Detached retina
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In a detached retina, the retina tear away from what?
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underlying choroid
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What is the treatment for a detached retina?
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Surgery
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In a detached retina, what is the result of the vitrous humor that is allowed to flow behind the retina?
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increased portion of the retina is lifted away from the choroid and the retinal cells cease to function
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What is a common cause of visual loss in older adults?
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Age related macular degeneration
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What is the cause of AMD?
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Age related macular degeneration can be caused by a combination of genetic factors and environmental exposure
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How is vision affected in AMD?
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Central vision becomes blurred then it is lost
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Provides defense against close-in, sea-skimming cruise missiles.
1. Tomahawk 2. Phalanx 3. Phoenix 4. Harpoon |
2. Phalanx
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In macular degeneration, what type is characterized by neovascularization?
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Wet/exudative
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What parts of the ear make up the external ear?
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Pinna and external auditory meatus (canal)
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What parts of the ear make up the middle ear?
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Tympanic membrane, bony ossicles, and auditory tube that connects to the upper respiratory tract
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What parts of the ear make up the inner ear?
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Cochlea (organ of corti - hearing) and semicircular canals (balance and equilibrium)
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What initiates the movement of the fluid in the cochlea?
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Motion of stapes against oval window
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Where are impulses for sound sent in the brain?
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Impulses are conducted to the auditory area in the temporal lobe of cerebral cortex for interpretation of sound
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How are semicircular canals oriented?
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Three structures at right angles with each other
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What are the hair cell receptors of the ear that are stimulated by motion of the endolymph in response to head movements contained in?
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Crista ampullaris of the semicircular canals
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What are the two types of deafness?
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Conduction and sensorineural
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What is the condition characterized by souond being blocked in the external ear or middle ear, a possible accumulation of wax or foreign object or scar tissue, or otosclerosis of the ossicles?
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Conduction deafness
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What are the possible causes of sensorineural impairment?
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Damage to the organ of corti or auditory nerve, infection, head trauma, neurologica disorders, ototoxic drugs, sudden loud sound or long exposure to loud sound, congenital defects
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What is the condition that is the deafness by both conduction and sensorineural?
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Presbycusis
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What is a congenital hearing deficit?
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Deaf
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What is an acquired hearing deficit?
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Deafened
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What are the common ear infection microbes?
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Haemophilus influenzae, Pneumococci, beta-hemolytic streptococci, staphylococci, general viral infections (secondary to bacterial infections)
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What are the S&S for Ear infections?
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Can be asymptomatic in chronic stages, usually severe pain, tympanic membrane is red and bulging, mild hearing loss, fever, nausea
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What is the treatment for ear infections?
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NSAIDS or APAP during first 48 hrs, can use antimicrobials and decongestants. Surgery may be performed to insert drainage tubes for tympanic membrane
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What is otitis externa?
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Swimmers ear; infection of the external auditory canal and pinna that is usually bacterial but may be fungal
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What are the S&S of otitis externa/ swimmers ear?
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Pain, purulent discharge, hearing deficit
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What condition is characterized by an imbalance in bone formation and reabsorption that leads to excess bone in the middle ear that blocks conduction to the cochlea?
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Otosclerosis
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What are the causes of Otosclerosis?
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genetic or environmental
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What are the treatments for otosclerosis??
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Surgical removal of stapes and replacement prosthesis to restore hearing
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What condition is characterized by an inner ear labyrinth disorder that causes severe vertigo and nausea?
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Meniere's syndrome
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What is a cause of Meniere's syndrome?
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excessive endolymph is produced. Can be caused by a change in barometric pressure
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What are the treatments for meniere's syndrome?
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Home exercise programs to reduce sensitivity and drugs
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