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75 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Where does the left occipital lobe receive images from?
The right visual fields
Where does the right occipital lobe receive images from?
The left visual fields
What nerve is the optic nerve?
Cranial nerve II
What is the space between the lens and the retina called?
Posterior cavity
What type of fluid does the posterior cavity contain?
vitreous humor
What is the space between the cornea and lens called?
anterior cavity
What are the two sections of the anterior cavity?
Anterior chamber and posterior chamber
What type of fluid is in the anterior cavity?
Aqueous humor
What is normal intraocular pressure (IOP) in the anterior cavity in mmHg?
below 24 mmHg
What is the name of the diagnostic test that measures visual acuity?
Snellen chart
What is the name of the test that checks central and peripheral vision?
Visual field test
What procedure measures IOP (intraocular pressure)?
Tonometry
What instrument examines the internal structures of the eye?
Opthalmoscope
What is the procedure that examines the angle of the anterior chamber of the eye?
Gonioscopy
What is the condition that is characterized by nearsightedness?
Myopia
What is the condition that is characterized by the image being focused in front of the lens?
Myopia
What is the condition that is characterized by farsightedness?
Hyperopia
What is the condition that is characterized by the image being focused behind the retina?
Hyperopia (eyeball is too short)
What is the condition that is characterized by farsightedness associated with aging?
Presbyopia
What is the physiological cause of Presbyopia?
Loss of elasticity reduces accommodation
What condition is characterized by an irregular curvature in the cornea or lens?
astigmatism
What is another name for double vision?
Diplopia
What is the condition that results from the deviation of one eye that leads to double vision and is usually attributed to weak muscles, short muscles, or a neurological defect?
Strabismus (squint or cross eye) - must be treated in children immediately to prevent amblyopia
What is the condition that is characterized by involuntary movement of one or both eyes?
Nystagmus
What are the causes of Nystagmus?
Neurological causes, inner ear or cerebellar disturbances, drug toxicity
What are possible causes of diplopia?
Double vision can be due to trauma to cranial nerves resulting in paralysis of extraocular muscles, can occur from stroke. Leads to loss of depth perception
What is the condition characterized by the suppresion of the visual image by the brain in the affected eye?
amblyopia
What condition occurs as the result of increased IOP caused by excessive accumulation of aqueous humor?
Glaucoma
Is Glaucoma acute or chronic disease?
can be either
What are the S&S for glaucoma?
Halos around lights at night, loss of peripheral vision, pain may occur if IOP is greatly increased as occurs in acute form
What is another name for acute glaucoma?
Narrow angle glaucoma (sudden increase in IOP)
The angle between the corna and iris is decreased in which type of glaucoma?
acute/narrow-angle glaucoma
What are possible causes of acute glaucoma?
aging, developmental abnormalities, scar tissue from trauma/infection
What is a possible treatment for acute glaucoma?
surgery
What is another name for chronic glaucoma?
Open-angle glaucoma (gradual increase in IOP)
What is a treatment for chronic glaucoma?
eye drops
Who is prone to a higher incidence of chronic glaucoma?
> 50
What is the pathophysiology of chronic glaucoma?
Thickening of the trabecular network which allows for reabsorption of fluid
What is the prognosis for chronic glaucoma?
Can eventually lead to ischemia and damage to retinal cells. If pressure continues to increase, damage to the optic nerve occurs. Can lead to blindness
What is the condition characterized by progressive opacity or clouiding of the lens?
cataracts
What are possible causes of cataracts?
age related, metabolic abnormalities, excessive exposure to sunlight, congenital, traumatic
What is the treatment for cataracts?
outpatient surgery with len replacement
What is an area of blackness that occurs in the visual field? What condition is this associated with?
Scotomas. Detached retina
In a detached retina, the retina tear away from what?
underlying choroid
What is the treatment for a detached retina?
Surgery
In a detached retina, what is the result of the vitrous humor that is allowed to flow behind the retina?
increased portion of the retina is lifted away from the choroid and the retinal cells cease to function
What is a common cause of visual loss in older adults?
Age related macular degeneration
What is the cause of AMD?
Age related macular degeneration can be caused by a combination of genetic factors and environmental exposure
How is vision affected in AMD?
Central vision becomes blurred then it is lost
Provides defense against close-in, sea-skimming cruise missiles.
1. Tomahawk
2. Phalanx
3. Phoenix
4. Harpoon
2. Phalanx
In macular degeneration, what type is characterized by neovascularization?
Wet/exudative
What parts of the ear make up the external ear?
Pinna and external auditory meatus (canal)
What parts of the ear make up the middle ear?
Tympanic membrane, bony ossicles, and auditory tube that connects to the upper respiratory tract
What parts of the ear make up the inner ear?
Cochlea (organ of corti - hearing) and semicircular canals (balance and equilibrium)
What initiates the movement of the fluid in the cochlea?
Motion of stapes against oval window
Where are impulses for sound sent in the brain?
Impulses are conducted to the auditory area in the temporal lobe of cerebral cortex for interpretation of sound
How are semicircular canals oriented?
Three structures at right angles with each other
What are the hair cell receptors of the ear that are stimulated by motion of the endolymph in response to head movements contained in?
Crista ampullaris of the semicircular canals
What are the two types of deafness?
Conduction and sensorineural
What is the condition characterized by souond being blocked in the external ear or middle ear, a possible accumulation of wax or foreign object or scar tissue, or otosclerosis of the ossicles?
Conduction deafness
What are the possible causes of sensorineural impairment?
Damage to the organ of corti or auditory nerve, infection, head trauma, neurologica disorders, ototoxic drugs, sudden loud sound or long exposure to loud sound, congenital defects
What is the condition that is the deafness by both conduction and sensorineural?
Presbycusis
What is a congenital hearing deficit?
Deaf
What is an acquired hearing deficit?
Deafened
What are the common ear infection microbes?
Haemophilus influenzae, Pneumococci, beta-hemolytic streptococci, staphylococci, general viral infections (secondary to bacterial infections)
What are the S&S for Ear infections?
Can be asymptomatic in chronic stages, usually severe pain, tympanic membrane is red and bulging, mild hearing loss, fever, nausea
What is the treatment for ear infections?
NSAIDS or APAP during first 48 hrs, can use antimicrobials and decongestants. Surgery may be performed to insert drainage tubes for tympanic membrane
What is otitis externa?
Swimmers ear; infection of the external auditory canal and pinna that is usually bacterial but may be fungal
What are the S&S of otitis externa/ swimmers ear?
Pain, purulent discharge, hearing deficit
What condition is characterized by an imbalance in bone formation and reabsorption that leads to excess bone in the middle ear that blocks conduction to the cochlea?
Otosclerosis
What are the causes of Otosclerosis?
genetic or environmental
What are the treatments for otosclerosis??
Surgical removal of stapes and replacement prosthesis to restore hearing
What condition is characterized by an inner ear labyrinth disorder that causes severe vertigo and nausea?
Meniere's syndrome
What is a cause of Meniere's syndrome?
excessive endolymph is produced. Can be caused by a change in barometric pressure
What are the treatments for meniere's syndrome?
Home exercise programs to reduce sensitivity and drugs