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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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An obstructive lung disease is characterized by....
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Limitation of airflow
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A restrictive lung disease is characterized by....
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Limitation of lung expansion
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Most lung disease is caused by____;____being the most common exception
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-Inhalation of material
-Autoimmune lung disease |
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Is lost pulmonary membrane recoverable?
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No
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What is the cell type in carcinoma of the larynx & who gets it?
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-Squamous cell
-Male smokers >40 |
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What are the three types of atelectasis?
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1. Resorption atelectasis
2. Compression atelectasis 3. Contraction atelectasis |
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What is resorption atelectasis & what is the most common cause?
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-Bronchial obstruction prevents air from reaching part of the lung, the air stuck in distal alveoli gets absorbed & the alveoli collapse
-Most common cause is formation of a mucous plug during general anesthesia |
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What is compression atelectasis & what are some common causes?
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-External P from pleural effusion, ascites, or pt's who are not breathing normally after thoracic or abdominal Sg due to the pain associated with breathing
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What is contraction atelectasis?
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-Scars in the lung or pleura constrict
-Ex. TB |
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Which types of atelectasis are reversible?
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-Compression
-Resorption |
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What is right middle lobe syndrome?
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Right middle lobe atelectasis due to bronchus obstruction. This bronchus is unusually long and thin & is sandwiched in between the larger upper & lower lobes
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For obstructive lung disease, list the expected spirogram values
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FVC=Normal
FEV1=Low Ration=Low |
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What characterizes emphysema?
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-Destruction of alveolar walls
-Merging of alveoli to form large air spaces |
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How does smoking lead to alveolar membrane loss?
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-Cigarette smoke inhibits alpha-1-antitrypsin, the enzyme that neutralizes digestive enzymes naturally released by inflammatory cells in the lung
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What makes the clinical diagnosis of chronic bronchitis?
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-Chronic, productive cough for three consecutive months for two years in a row
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What does spirometry show in restrictive disease?
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-FVC=Low
-FEV1=Low -Ration=Normal |
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Interstitial fibrosis without granulomatous inflammation, think....
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-Pneumoconiosis
-Asbestosis |
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Interstitial fibrosis with granulomatous inflammation, think....
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-Sarcoidosis
-Hypersensitivity pneumonitis |
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Where do most thromboemboli arise from?
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Deep veins or the knee, upper leg, or pelvis
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What do factor V Leiden & lupus anticoagulant have in common?
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They can both cause venous thrombosis & thromboembolism
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What is a saddle embolus?
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A large embolus that completely obstructs both divisions of the main pulmonary artery
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What constitutes pulmonary HTN?
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Sustained systolic P >30mmHg or average P >25mmHg
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What is the most common cause of pulmonary HTN?
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Increased pulmonary vascular resistance
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What is ARDS & what can cause it?
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-Generalized insult to the lungs (vessels or alveoli)
-Influx of neutrophils -Exudate fills alveoli -Formation of hyaline membrane -Severely decreased gas diffusion -50% fatal -Ex. Sepsis, near drowning, OD, gas/fluid inhalation, burns |
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What are the two forms of pneumonia?
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1. Alveolar
2. Interstitial |
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What are the two forms of alveolar pneumonia?
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-Bronchopneumonia (patchy, noncontiguous, basilar)
-Lobar (intense, consolidated acute inflammation in an entire lobe) |
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What is the common pathogen in lobar pneumonia & who gets it?
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-Streptococcus pneumoniae
-CHF, COPD, DM, alcoholism |
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What characterizes interstitial pneumonia?
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-Confined to alveolar septa
-Diffuse & bilateral -Caused by a virus |
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What is the most common bacterial cause of community-acquired pneumonia?
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-Streptococcus pneumoniae
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What are the most common pathogens of nosocomial pneumonia?
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-S. aureus
-E. coli |
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What kind of bacteria are found in lung abscesses?
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Anaerobic
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What are pts with a lung abscess at risk for?
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-Meningitis
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What is a lung abscess associated with in an older person?
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Bronchogenic carcinoma
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What is characterized by chronic granulomatous inflammation & caseous necrosis?
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TB!
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What is the most common opportunistic bacterial infection in a pt with AIDS?
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Mycobacterium avium
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What is the initial lesion of primary TB?
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Ghon tubercle
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What is a Ghon complex?
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The combo of a Ghon tubercle & a similar lesion in the mediastinal hilar LN
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What characterizes miliary TB?
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-Systemic disease
-Lesions that look like millet seeds -No caseating granulomas |
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Where do the lesions of secondary TB occur?
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In the apex; cavitary lesions
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Does pneumocystis jiroveci cause disease in healthy people?
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No
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What are the two types of deep mycoses?
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1.Yeast-like fungi; Candida & Crytococcus neoformans
2. Dimorphic fungi; Histoplasma capsulatum & Coccidiodes immitis |
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What is the most common neoplasm in the lung?
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A metastasis from a cancer somewhere else
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What is the most common tunor of the lung
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Bronchogenic carcinoma (arises from the epithelial lining)
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What is a hamartoma?
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-The most common benign neoplasm of the lung
-Coin lesion on CXR |
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What is the most common of all human cancers?
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Bronchogenic carcinoma
#1 cancer death in M&W-->smoking |
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What are the different types of bronchiogenic carcinomas?
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-Small cell carcinoma (neuroendocrine cells)
-Squamous cell carcinoma -Adenocarcinoma (well differentiated, better prognosis) -Large cell carcinoma |
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What can be a presenting complaint of a lung cancer?
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Sx of Cushing syndrome
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What is bronchiectasis?
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-Permanent dilation of small airways with destruction of smooth muscle & elastic tissue
-Ex. TB or CF |
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Who does Sarcoidosis more commonly affect?
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AA males
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Where does squamous cell carcinoma of the lung tend to occur?
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Near the main bronchus, near critical mediastinal structures
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