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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the diseases of the blood vessels? |
1. Hypertension 2. Atherosclerosis- with atheroma 3. Arteriosclerosis • Monckeberg’s Medial Calcific Sclerosis • Arteriosclerosis 4. Aneurysm 5. Miscellaneous e.g. Varicose veins, peripheral vascular disease |
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Describe Hypertension (High Blood pressure) |
- Affects about 20% population -Outcomes include heart disease/ MI/ CVA/ kidney disease/ increases risk of atheroma formation -Cause is usually associated with vasomotor tone in small vessels
- Abnormal (high) Blood pressure ≥140/90mmHg |
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What are treatment options for Hyper tension? |
1. Lifestyle change - Exercise, diet, no smoking, no obesity, limit stress, cholesterol control
2. Medications - B-Blockers, diuretics, ACE inhibitors, Ca channel blockers and others
3. Treat other diseases - e.g. diabetes, thyroid, kidney ◦ Genetics?? ◦ Caused by medications for other conditions
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Atherosclerosis is? |
-intimal fibrofatty plaques -porridge like texture |
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What is Atheroma? |
-Fatty deposit into intima of arteries -usually large to medium vessels, - hardens (+ fibrosis) to form a plaque
Lifestyle associated - increased fats, sugars, BP, smoking, lack of exercise, - family, sex, age, diabetes - additive effect - Suggestion that among people with diabetes, periodontal disease may increase |
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What are the outcomes for Atheroma? |
- Stay as it is - Resolve - Cause blockage - Ulcerate or form thrombus - Calcify - Rupture, fatty emboli or form aneurysm |
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How can we diagnose a Atheroma? |
-Angiograms -OPG -Ultrasound/xrays |
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What is Arteriosclerosis? |
- Hardening of arteries by fibrosis and calcium deposition in media. Will increase BP, how? - Strongly associated with diabetes and hypertension |
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What is an Aneurysm? |
Out-pouching, bulge or ballooning of heart or artery wall |
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What are the causes? |
atheroma, syphilis, history of MI |
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Name some Other condition related to the blood vessels? |
1. Raynaud’s disease -Poor peripheral blood supply- ? arteriole tone
2. Varicose veins -Ulcer /thrombosis /haemorrhoids
3. Phlebitis -inflammation of blood vessels
4. Other conditions causing peripheral vascular disease -Smoking, diabetes, heavy radiation. |
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Main heart problems are the result of? |
- coronary artery block - hypertension - valve defects - congenital malformations - chronic lung disease - rheumatic fever (autoimmune) - rarely infections and degenerations |
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What are consequences of heart diseases? |
-Angina pectoris- - pain- 3 places - Acute heart failure - MI, fibrillation - Chronic heart failure - Infection (endocarditis) - Arrhythmias |
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What is Angina? |
Chest pain or discomfort due to coronary heart disease |
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What are the symptoms of Angina? |
- Chest pain, discomfort in neck, jaw, shoulder, back or arm |
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What is Ischemia? |
a condition in which the blood flow (and thus oxygen) is restricted or reduced in a part of the body |
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What are the types of Angina? |
Stable / unstable / variant |
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What is acute heart failure? |
Complete coronary artery occlusion with resulting infarct and associated fibrillation (due to pacemakers of heart affected) |
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What are the symptoms of acute heart failure? |
Severe pain, crushing/squeezing, LHS arm /chest / jaw -like heartburn, nausea. |
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What are the signs of acute heart failure? |
Low BP, loss of consciousness, lack of respiration eventually death |
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What are the outcomes of acute heart failure? |
Cardiac muscle doesn’t regenerate resulting in decreased function/ aneurysm/ chronic heart failure and others. |
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What are the causes of chronic hearth disease? |
-Hypertension- (thyroid disease) - Valve defects- leakage makes ineffective - Structural defects- narrowing, LHS/RHS shunts, patent ductus arteriosus - Chronic lung disease - back pressure on RHS of heart resulting in pulmonary hypertension (abnormal increase in the blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries) |
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What isa bacterial endocarditis? |
when endocardium is damaged, creates a surface for bacteria to adhere to resulting in bacterial endocarditis (acute/ subacute generally out of fashion) |
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Who is at risk of bacterial endocarditis? |
- History of rheumatic fever - autoimmune - Congenital heart defects - History of MI/ open surgery/ prosthetics components - Murmurs- sound not beat - Knee/ hip replacements/ IV drug users/ immunocompromised |
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How does it happen? (bacterial endocarditis) |
1. Bacteria adhere
2. Grow and form vegetations + clot adheres
3. Friable - emboli are likely
4. Emboli lodges??- brain, kidney as small vessels infarct or damage. Skin/ oral- petechiae
5. Systemic - fever, weight loss, anaemia, clubbing fingers, café au lait skin |
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What is arrhythmia? |
Problem with beat (not the sound)
Such as: ◦ Fibrillation- unco-ordinated twitching ◦ Palpitations- noticeable beat ◦ Extra systole- miss beat then powerful ◦ Bradycardia (slow) ◦ Tachycardia (fast) |
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Management of heart disease |
-Oxygen, defibrillators, - Drugs for ◦ acute cardiac failure ◦ Angina- anginine- sublingual - Angioplasty, bypass, shunts, stents - Drugs - Pacemakers |
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Drugs medications and therapy |
- Myocardial stimulants- digoxin - BP- ACE inhibitors, beta and alpha blockers - Anti-thrombosis- aspirin/solprin, warfarin, heparin - Diuretics- Frusemide, Lasix - Potassium - Oxygen - Nitrates- anginine - Tranquillisers - Ca channel blockers - Statins - New and constantly changing |
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What are Other treatments for heart disease? |
- Open or closed heart surgery ◦ Bypass ◦ Surgical correction of abnormalities ◦ Valve replacement - many types ◦ Transplants ◦ Need to be aware on medical history |
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What does CVA stand for? And what is it? |
Cerebro-vascular accident
Also known as a Stroke
Brain infarct- dead tissue from lack of blood (ischema) |
