As - Disease - Ocr

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agglutinins

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chemicals (antibodies) that cause pathogens to clump together so they are easier for phagocytes to engulf and digest.

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anti-toxins

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chemicals (antibodies) that bind to toxins produced by pathogens so they no longer have an effect.

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antibiotic-resistant bacteria

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bacteria that undergo mutation to become resistant to an antibiotic and then survive to increase in number.

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antibiotics

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a chemical or compound that kills or inhibits the growth of bacteria.

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antibodies

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Y-shaped glycoproteins made by B cells of the immune system in response to the presence of an antigen.

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antigen

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identifying chemical on the surface of a cell that triggers an immune response.

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antigen-presenting cell (APC)

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a cell that displays foreign antigens complexed with major histocompatibility complexes on their surfaces.

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antigen−antibody complex

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the complex formed when an antibody binds to an antigen.

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artificial active immunity

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immunity which results from exposure to a safe form of a pathogen, for example, by vaccination.

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artificial passive immunity

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immunity which results from the administration of antibodies from another animal against a dangerous pathogen.

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autoimmune disease

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a condition or illness resulting from an autoimmune response.

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autoimmune response

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response when the immune system acts against its own cells and destroys healthy tissue in the body.

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B effector cells

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B lymphocytes that divide to form plasma cell clones.

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B lymphocytes (B cells)

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lymphocytes which mature in the bone marrow and that are involved in the production of antibodies.

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B memory cells

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B lymphocytes that live a long time and provide immunological memory of the antibody needed against a specific antigen.

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Clostridium difficile (C. difficile)

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a species of Gram positive bacteria that is resistant to most antibiotics.

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cytokines

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cell-signalling molecules produced by mast cells in damaged tissues that attract phagocytes to the site of infection or inflammation.

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epidemic

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when a communicable disease spreads rapidly to a lot of people at a local or national level.

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goblet cells

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differentiated cells specialised to secrete mucus.

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histamines

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chemicals produced by mast cells in damaged tissues that make the blood vessels dilate (causing redness and heat) and the blood vessel walls leaky (causing swelling and pain).

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immune response

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a biological response that protects the body by recognising and responding to antigens and by destroying substances carrying non-self antigens.

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immunoglobulins

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Y-shaped glycoproteins that form antibodies.

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inflammation

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biological response of vascular tissues to pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants, resulting in pain, heat, redness and swelling.

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interleukins

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a type of cytokine produced by T helper cells.

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MRSA

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(methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) a mutated strain of the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus that is resistant to the antibiotic, methicillin.

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natural active immunity

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immunity which results from the response of the body to the invasion of a pathogen.

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natural passive immunity

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the immunity given to an infant mammal by the mother through the placenta and the colostrum.

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opsonins

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chemicals that bind to pathogens and tag them so they are recognised more easily by phagocytes, e.g. antibodies.

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pandemic

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when a communicable disease spreads rapidly to a lot of people across a number of countries.

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pathogens

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microorganisms that cause disease.

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penicillin

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the first widely used, safe antibiotic, derived from a mould, Penicillium notatum.

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phagocytosis

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process by which white blood cells called phagocytes recognise non-self cells, engulf them digest them within a vesicle called a phagolysosome.

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phagosome

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the vesicle in which a pathogen or damaged cell is engulfed by a phagocyte.

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primary immune response

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the relatively slow production of a small number of the correct antibodies the first time a pathogen is encountered.

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T helper cells

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T lymphocytes with CD4 receptors on their cell-surface membranes, which bind to antigens on antigen-presenting cells and produce interleukins, a type of cytokine.

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T killer cells

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T lymphocytes that destroy pathogens carrying a specific antigen with perforin.

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T lymphocytes

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lymphocytes which mature in the thymus gland and that both stimulate the B lymphocytes and directly kill pathogens.

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T memory cells

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T lymphocytes that live a long time and are part of the immunological memory.

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T regulator cells

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T lymphocytes that suppress and control the immune system, stopping the response once a pathogen has been destroyed and preventing an autoimmune response.

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vaccine

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a safe form of an antigen, which is injected into the bloodstream to provide artificial active immunity against a pathogen bearing the antigen.

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vector

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a living or non-living factor that transmits a pathogen from one organism to another, e.g. malaria mosquito.

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clonal expansion

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the mass proliferation of antibody-producing cells by clonal selection.

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clonal selection

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the theory that exposure to a specific antigen selectively stimulates the proliferation of the cell with the appropriate antibody to form numerous clones of these specific antibody-forming cells (clonal expansion).

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communicable diseases

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diseases that can be passed from one organism to another, of the same or different species.

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lymphocytes

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white blood cells that make up the specific immune system.

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selective toxicity

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the ability to interfere with the metabolism of a pathogen without affecting the cells of the host.

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plasma cells

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B lymphocytes that produce about 2000 antibodies to a particular antigen every second and release them into the circulation.

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secondary immune response

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the relatively fast production of very large quantities of the correct antibodies the second time a pathogen is encountered as a result of immunological memory − the second stage of a specific immune response.

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specific immunity also known as active immunity or acquired immunity

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− the immune system ‘remembers’ an antigen after an initial response leading to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters.