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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cephalocaudal principle
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the principle that growth follows a pattern that begins with the head and upper body parts and then proceeds down to the rest of the body.
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Proximodistal principle
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the principle that development proceeds from the center of the body outward.
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Principle of hierarchical integration
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the principle that simple skills typically develop separately and independently but are later integrated into more complex skills.
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principle of the independence of systems
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the principle that different body systems grow at different rates
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neuron
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the basic nerve cell of the nervous system
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synapse
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the gap at the connection between neurons, through which neurons chemically communicate with one another.
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synaptic pruning
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the elimination of neurons as the result of nonuse or lack of stimulation
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myelin
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a fatty substance that helps insulate neurons and speeds the transmission of nerve impulses.
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cerebral cortex
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the upper layer of the brain
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plasticity
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the degree to which a developing structure or behavior is modifiable due to experience
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sensitive period
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a specific, but limited, time, usually early in an organism;s life, during which the organism is particularly susceptible to environmental influences relating to some particular facet of development.
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rhythms
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repetitive, cyclical patterns of behavior.
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state
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the degree of awareness an infant displays to both internal and external stimulation.
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REM (rapid eye movement) sleep
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the period of sleep that is found in older children and adults and is associated with dreaming
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SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome)
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the unexplained death of a seemingly healthy baby.
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reflexes
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unlearned, organized involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli
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norms
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the average performance of a large sample of children of a given age.
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Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)
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a measure designed to determine infants' neurological and behavioral responses to their environment
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nonorganic failure to thrive
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a disorder in which infants stop growing due to a lack of stimulation and attention as the result of inadequate parenting.
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sensation
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the physical stimulation of the sense organs
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perception
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the sorting out, interpretation, analysis, and integration of stimuli involving the sense organs and brain.
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multimodal approach to perception
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the approach that considers how information that is collected by various individual sensory systems is integrated and coordinated.
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affordances
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the action possibilities that a given situation or stimulus provides
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scheme
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an organized pattern of sensorimotor functioning
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assimilation
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the process in which people understand an experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development and way of thinking
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accomodation
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changes in existing ways of thinking that occur in response to encounters with new stimuli or events
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sensorimotor stage (of cognitive development)
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Piaget's initial major stage of cognitive development, which can be broken down into six substages
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object permanence
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the realization that people and objects exist even when they cannot be seen
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Information processing approaches
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the model that seeks to identify the way that individuals take in, use, and store information
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memory
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the process by which information is initially recorded, stored, and retrieved
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infantile amnesia
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the lack of memory for experiences that occurred prior to 3 years of age.
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Development quotient
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an overall developmental score that relates to performance in four domains; motor skills, language use, adaptive behavior, and personal-social
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Bayley Scales of Infant Development
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a measure that evaluates an infant's development from 2-42 months
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Language
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the systematic, meaningful arrangement of symbols, which provides the basis for communication.
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babbling
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making speechlike but meaningless sounds
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holophrases
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one-word utterances that stand for a whole phrase, the meaning of which depends on the particular context in which they are used.
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telegraphic speech
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speech in which words not critical to the message are left out
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underextension
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the overly restrictive use of words, common among children just mastering spoken language
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overextension
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the overly broad use of words, overgeneralizing their meaning
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referential style
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a style of language use in which language is used primarily to label objects
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expressive style
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a style of language use in which language is used primarily to express feelings and needs about oneself and others
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learning theory approach
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the theory that language acquisition follows the basic laws of reinforcement and conditioning
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nativist approach
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the theory that a genetically determined, innate mechanism directs language development
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universal grammar
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Noam Chomsky's theory that all the world's languages share a similar underlying structure
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language-acquisition device (LAD)
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a neural system of the brain hypothesized to permit understanding of language
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Infant-directed speech
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a type of speech directed toward infants, characterized by short, simple sentences
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stranger anxiety
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the caution and wariness displayed by infants when encountering an unfamiliar person
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separation anxiety
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the distress displayed by infants when a customary care provider departs
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social referencing
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the intentional search for information about others' feelings to help explain the meaning of uncertain circumstances and events
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self-awareness
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knowledge of oneself
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theory of mind
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knowledge and beliefs about how the mind works and how it affects behavior
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empathy
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an emotional response that corresponds to feelings of another person
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attachment
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the positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual
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Ainsworth Strange Situation
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a sequence of staged episodes that illustrate the strength of attachment between a child and (typically) his or her mother
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secure attachment pattern
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a style of attachment in which children use the mother as a kind of home base and are at ease when she is present; when she leaves, they become upset and go to her as soon as she returns
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aviodant attachment pattern
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a style of attachment in which children do not seek proximity to the mother; after the mother has left, they seem to avoid her when she returns as if they are angered by her behavior
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ambivalent attachment pattern
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a style of attachment in which children display a combination of positive and negative reactions to their mothers; they show great distress when the mother leaves, but upon her return they may simultaneously seek close contact but also hit and kick her
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disorganized-disoriented attachment pattern
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a style of attachment in which children show inconsistent, often contradictory behavior, such as approaching the mother when she returns but not looking at her; they may be the least securely attached children of all
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personality
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the sum total of the enduring characteristics that differentiate one individual from another
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Erikson's theory of psychosocial development
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the theory that considers how individuals come to understand themselves and the meaning of others' -and their own- behavior
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turst-versus-mistrust stage
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according to Erikson, the period during which infants develop a sense of trust or mistrust, largely depending on how well their needs are met by their caregivers
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autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt stage
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the period during which, according to Erikson, toddlers (aged 18 months to 3 years) develop independence and autonomy if they are allowed the freedom to explore, or shame and self-doubt if they are restricted and overprotected
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temperament
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patterns of arousal and emotionality that are consistent and enduring characteristics of an individual
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easy babies
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babies who have a positive disposition; their body functions operate regularly, and they are adaptable
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difficult babies
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who have negative moods and are slow to adapt to new situations; when confronted with a new situation, they tend to withdraw
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slow-to-warm babies
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who are inactive, showing relatively calm reactions to their environment; their moods are generally negative, and they withdraw from new situations, adapting slowly
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goodness-of-fit
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the notion that development is dependent on the degree of match between children's temperament and the nature and demands of the environment in which they are being raised
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gender
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the sense of being male or female
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Patterns of arousal and emotionality that are consistent and enduring in an individual are known as an individual's _____.
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temperament
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________ are prescribed by societies as activities or positions appropriate for males and females.
a. gender expectations b. sex roles c. gender roles d. sex expectations |
c. gender roles
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Research finds significant differences in the strength and nature of the parental bond for infants raised in the home compared to infants exposed to high-quality day care.
True/False |
False
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________ is the positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual.
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attachment
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Children who are attached to their primary caregivers feel __________ when they are with them and feel _________ during times of distress.
a. concern; sad b. pleasure; comforted c. overwhelmed; distraught d. confused; comfort |
b. pleasure; comforted
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One way mothers can improve the likelihood of secure attachment in their children is to respond to their needs appropriately. Another name for this communication in which mothers and children match emotional states is:
a. emotion matching. b. goodness of fit. c. interactional synchrony. d. environmental assessment. |
c. interactional synchrony
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_________ is he caution and wariness expressed by infants when encountering an unfamiliar person.
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Stranger anxiety
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Marcel has been attending day care without incident since he was 6 weeks old. Now at around 14 months he starts to express difficulty when his mother leaves. He cries, shouts "No!" and then grabs her leg as she attempts to leave for work. Which of the following concepts best explains Marcel's change in behavior?
a. stranger anxiety b. intuition c. egocentrism d. separation anxiety |
d. separation anxiety
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When Darius bumped his knee on the table, he gazed at his mother to look at her reaction. When he saw that she was alarmed, he began crying. This is an example of _________.
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social referencing
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Like other 2-year-olds, Mason can say "Doggie bye, bye: and "Milk gone." These two-word phrases are examples of _______ speech.
a. holophrastic b. telgraphic c. interpretive d. active |
b. telegraphic
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One theory, the __________ approach, suggests that a genetically determined, innate mechanism directs language development.
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nativist
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Whenever 9-month-old Ana's mother talks to her, she uses short, simple sentences, repetitive words, and higher pitches. This shift in language is consistent with the use of ______ speech.
a. infant-directed b. telegraphic c. nativist d. interactionist |
a. infant-directed.
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The information processing approach to cognitive development emphasizes the increased sophistication, speed, and ________ associated with cognitive growth.
a. capacity b. circular reactions c. categorization d. analysis |
a. capacity
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Infants have memory capabilities from a very early age, although the duration and accuracy of such memories are unresolved questions.
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True
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When Justin first learned to drive a stick shift he had a difficult time coordinating the moverments associated with the clutch, the gas, and the gear shift. After much practice the motions became more fluid and each component of the process required less attention. According to the information processing model, this would be an example of ____________.
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automatization
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According to Piaget, children can only move from one cognitive stage to another when a child _________ and is exposed to relative experiences.
a. is adequately nourished b. is born with an adequate genetic predisposition for learning c. has remember his or her goal of learning d. reaches an appropriate level of physical maturation |
d. reaches an appropriate level of physical maturation
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Infants' schemes for understanding the world usually involve their physical or sensorimotor activities.
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True
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In general, when it comes to infant cognitive development, it appears that Piaget:
a. overestimated infants and what they could do. b. underestimated infants and what they could do. c. was more accurate about adolescent cognitive development. d. overestimated the role of culture. |
b. underestimated infants and what they could do.
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____________ is the physical stimulation of the sense organs, and _________ is the mental process of interpreting and integrating stimuli from the brain.
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Sensation : perception
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We know that infants experience pain because their heartbeat increases, they sweat, they show discomfort, and their crying changes tone.
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False
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The __________ considers how information that is collected by various individual sensory systems is integrated and coordinated.
a. multimodal approach to perception. b. affordance theory. c. multidisciplinary motor development cycle. d. macrosystem |
a. multimodal approach to perception.
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_______ are unlearned, organized, involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli.
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Reflexes
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Which of the following is NOT one of the consequences of malnutrition during infancy?
a. Malnourished children sleep, on average, 6 to 8 hours less than nonmalnourished children of the same age. b Malnourished children show a slower groth rate by the age of 6 months. c. Malnourished children score lower on IQ tests later in life. d. Malnourished children have a lower height and weight by age 2 than nonmalnourished children. |
a. Malnourished children sleep, on average, 6 to 8 hours less than nonmalnourished children of the same age.
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Breastfeeding has been associated with enhanced cognitive growth.
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True
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The _____ principle state that growth begins with the head and proceeds down to the rest of the body; the _______ principle states that development proceeds from the center of the body outward.
a. cephalocaudal; proximodistal b. proximodistal; cephalocaudal c. heirarchical integration; independence of systems d. independence of systems; heirarchical integration |
a. cephalocaudal; proximodistal
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The process of synaptic pruning allows established neurons to build stronger networks and reduces unnecessary neurons during the first 2 years of life.
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True
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Although brain development is largely genetically predetermined, it is also susceptible to environmental experiences; the ability of the brain to be modifiable by the environment is called (a) _________.
a. plasticity b. synaptic pruning c. sensitive period d. critical period |
a. plasticity
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