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63 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Nicolas Steno

Father of law of superposition, principle of original horizontality and principle of lateral continuity

Law of original horizontality

When layers of rock are originally put down, they are horizontal because of gravity

Law of Superposition

Sedimentary layers are deposited in a time sequence, with the oldest on the bottom and the youngest on the top

Law of Faunal (Floral) Succession

Based on the observation that sedimentary rock strata contain fossilized flora and fauna, and that these fossils succeed each other vertically in a specific, reliable order that can be identified wide horizontal distances

First Appearance

When something evolved

Last Appearance

When something went extinct

Index Fossil

Organism that lives for a brief period of time; help put time constraint on when things lived in the past

Fossils

Remnants or traces of ancient living organisms; form when organisms become buried with sediment

Body Fossil

Whole bodies or pieces of bodies of once living organism

Trace Fossil

Preserved evidence of biological activity of a once living organism; footprints, feces, resting or hiding places

Absolute Dating

Comparing using numbers

Radioactive Decay

Type of absolute dating using Half life

Relative Dating

Comparing things without numbers

Biostratigraphy

Type of relative dating; studying the fossils in rock layers

Half Life

The time it takes half an apparent isotope to decay to the daughter isotope

Cyrptozoic, Phanerozoic, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic, Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian, Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous, Tertiary, Quaternary

Biological Time Scale

Plate Tectonics

Large segments of the outer part of the Earth (lithospheric plates) move relative to one another over the athenosphere (viscous fluid)

Evidence for Plate Techtonics

Obvious fit of continents, Glaciers and climate belts seem to match across continents, if continents were connected-one large ice cap, similar fossils separated by oceans, rock type and structural similarities

Alfred Wegener

Father of continental drift

Theory of continental drift

Low density continents "floating" on high density ocean floor rocks and "sailing" through them; thrown out and theory of plate tectonics was born

Divergent

Plate tectonics; plates moving away from each other

Convergent

Plate tectonics; plates come together

Straight Slip

Plate tectonics; plates move side to side

Pangea

Supercontinent that existed during the late paleozoic and early mesozoic eras

Life

A state characterized by the capacity for self-replication and self-regulation

Prokaryotes

Have a cell membrane but no nucleus

Eukaryotes

Cell membrane, nucleus with DNA, organelles

Autotrophic

"Self-feeding;" ex. photosynthesis or chemosynthesis

Heterotrophic

"Other-feeding;" feeds on other organisms

5 Mass Extinction

End-Permian, End-Orvician, Late Devonian, End-Triassic, End-Cretaceous

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Linnaean Classification System

Georges Cuvier

Father of Vertebrate Paleontology; developed idea of Catastrophism

Catastrophism

the idea that the Earth has been affected by sudden, short-lived, violent events that were sometimes worldwide in scope

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

Proposed the idea of acquired traits

Charles Lyell

Wrote "Principles of Geology;" Proposed the idea of uniformitarianism

Uniformitarianism

The present is the key to the past

Charles Darwin

Spent 5 year collecting on the HMS Beagle

Evolution

Descent with modification; change in a biological species through time; change in gene frequencies in a population through time

Natural Selection

Traits are inherited from a parent to off spring; organisms vary; too many offspring are produced to survive; organisms with traits suited to environment will survive and reproduce

Evidence for Evolution

The comparison of similarities and differences in anatomy (structure) of different kinds of animals; homology, vestigial structures, embryology, biogeography, experimental evidence

Analogy

Structures which serve similar functions but which derive from different origins

Homology

Structures deriving from similar origins, exhibiting a common underlying plan and serving similar purposes

Analogy

Structures which serve similar functions but which derive from different origins

Vestigial Structures

Structures that remain in an organism but serve no purpose

Embryology

The Study of the development of an organism

Bioeography

The study of patterns and distributions of organisms on Earth

Experimental Evidence for Evolution

Man-made, or artificial selections shows the effects of selection within the relatively short time-period of recorded human history; selective breeding or artificial breeding

Species

An array of populations; interbreeding; reproductively isolated from other populations; in the natural state

Phylogenetic Systematics

Classification method, which uses homologous characters to draw evolutionary relationships through time between ancestors and descendants

Cladistics

Classification method, which uses specific homologous characters to draw evolutionary interpretations between organisms

Plesiomorph

A primitive character (an old character inherited from ancestors

Apomorph

Derived character (a newly evolved character)

Symplesiomorph

A shared primitive character

Synapomorph

A shared derived character

Richard Owen

Coined the term "Dinosauria"

Dinosauria

"Terrible Lizard"

Monophyletic/Holophyletic

All members have a single common ancestor

Polyphyletic

Members are descended from different ancestors

Paraphyletic

Some members are descendants of a single common ancestor

Cambrian Explosion

First conspicuous fossil record

Trilobites

Early Cambrian...among the most successful of all early animals, roaming the oceans for over 270 million years

Exoskeletons

the external skeleton that supports and protects an animal's body; largely evolved during the Cambrian Explosion

Notochord

Nerve running along the back of the body