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158 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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"Something that varies" Has to do with the conditions under which observations are made, and the behavior to be observed
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Variable
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"Something that varies" Has to do with the conditions under which observations are made, and the behavior to be observed
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Variable
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related to conditions in an experiment suspected to cause a change in behavior
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Independent Variable
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"Something that varies" Has to do with the conditions under which observations are made, and the behavior to be observed
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Variable
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related to conditions in an experiment suspected to cause a change in behavior
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Independent Variable
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related to the behavior that may be changed
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Dependent Variable
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related to conditions in an experiment suspected to cause a change in behavior
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Independent Variable
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related to the behavior that may be changed
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Dependent Variable
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"Something that varies" Has to do with the conditions under which observations are made, and the behavior to be observed
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Variable
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Study: Cochlear Implants
-Processing algorithms on vowel intelligibility what is the IV and DV |
IV = Cochlear implant algorithm type
DV = % correct vowel production |
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Study: Cochlear Implants
-Processing algorithms on vowel intelligibility what is the IV and DV |
IV = Cochlear implant algorithm type
DV = % correct vowel production |
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related to the behavior that may be changed
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Dependent Variable
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related to conditions in an experiment suspected to cause a change in behavior
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Independent Variable
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When a study or experiment is conceived of in terms of a IV and DV, there is assumption of _____
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Causality
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When a study or experiment is conceived of in terms of a IV and DV, there is assumption of _____
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Causality
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Study: Cochlear Implants
-Processing algorithms on vowel intelligibility what is the IV and DV |
IV = Cochlear implant algorithm type
DV = % correct vowel production |
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related to the behavior that may be changed
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Dependent Variable
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The ___ is the hypothesized cause of change to the ____
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IV
DV |
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When a study or experiment is conceived of in terms of a IV and DV, there is assumption of _____
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Causality
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Study: Cochlear Implants
-Processing algorithms on vowel intelligibility what is the IV and DV |
IV = Cochlear implant algorithm type
DV = % correct vowel production |
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The ___ is the hypothesized cause of change to the ____
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IV
DV |
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The ___ is the hypothesized cause of change to the ____
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IV
DV |
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When a study or experiment is conceived of in terms of a IV and DV, there is assumption of _____
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Causality
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A causal relationship between the IV and DV cannot be taken for granted....There may be what?
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Other explanations for the change in DV
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The ___ is the hypothesized cause of change to the ____
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IV
DV |
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A variable that can be manipulated by the experimenter
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Active
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A causal relationship between the IV and DV cannot be taken for granted....There may be what?
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Other explanations for the change in DV
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A causal relationship between the IV and DV cannot be taken for granted....There may be what?
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Other explanations for the change in DV
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A causal relationship between the IV and DV cannot be taken for granted....There may be what?
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Other explanations for the change in DV
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Give examples of Active Variables
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Therapy Type
Sound pressure level |
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A variable that can be manipulated by the experimenter
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Active
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A variable that can be manipulated by the experimenter
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Active
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A variable that can be manipulated by the experimenter
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Active
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Give examples of Active Variables
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Therapy Type
Sound pressure level |
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A variable which can't be manipulated or changed by the experimenter
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Attribute
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Give examples of Active Variables
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Therapy Type
Sound pressure level |
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Give examples of Active Variables
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Therapy Type
Sound pressure level |
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A variable which can't be manipulated or changed by the experimenter
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Attribute
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A variable which can't be manipulated or changed by the experimenter
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Attribute
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A variable which can't be manipulated or changed by the experimenter
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Attribute
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Give examples of attribute variables
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Age
Gender Intelligence |
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The research can control ____ variables but cannot control _____ variables
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Active
Attribute |
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Research designs which use ____ variables are stronger
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Active
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Independent variables are directly controlled by the experimenter
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Manipulated
i.e Active variables |
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Independent variables cannot be directly controlled or manipulated by the experimenter (to do so would be unethical, impractical or impossible)
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Attribute variables
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Whether a given study uses manipulated or nonmanipulated IV affects the strength of conclusions about
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Causality
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A variable which potentially confuses the picture of a cause-effect relationship, if left uncontrolled
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Extraneous Variable
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A variable which has confused the picture of cause-effect relationship because it was left uncontrolled and presents an alternative explanation for findings
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Confound
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Research studies which use manipulated IV present a clearer picture of ________
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Cause and effect
= stronger study |
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The strength of conclusions from a study follow largely from the ____ ____
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study design
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Determining the _____ _______ is a significant step toward determining the ______ of evidence of that study
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Study design
Strength |
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Levels of an IV = what?
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different values of the IV that can be taken
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Levels of IV - another term (if only one IV)
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Conditions
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Examples of levels of an IV (actual examples)
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IV of Gender = levels of male and female
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The study has one IV with 2 levels
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Bivalent
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Example of a bivalent IV
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Autism Diagnosis = Control group and CHild with ASD diagnosis
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The study has one IV with three or more levels
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Multivalent
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Give example of Multivalent levels
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Iv of Therapy type = Tx A, Tx B and Standard Tx
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The study has two or more IV's
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Parametric
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Example of Parametric
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Effects of two IV's = intervention type (standard & experimental) and Diagnosis (Language Delay and SLI) on academic achievement
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Different individuals are in different levels of IV
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Between-Subjects IV
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Example of Between Subjects
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IV of therapy group (experimental and standard)
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The same individuals are in all levels of the IV
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Within-Subjects
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Example of within-subjects
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IV Cochlear Implants (strategy A and Strategy B)
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Problem with intuitively based systems of belief = no mechanism for deciding among _______
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Conflicting Claims
= Power struggle |
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A combination of preexisting bias and essentialist attitudes fuel people's intuitive theories about behavior making it what
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Unfalsifiable
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The idea that the only good theories are those that give ultimate explanations of phenomena
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Essentialism
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The idea that concepts in scientific theories must in some way be grounded in, or linked to , observable events
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Operationism
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turns abstract concept into an empirical observation
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Operational Definition
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An abstract idea constructed by the researcher to explain observed events
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Construct
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Give examples of constructs
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Intelligence and gravity
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Measure of consistency of data collected using the sam methodology on more than one occasion
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Reliability
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Property of data, or research findings whereby they are useful for measuring or understanding phenomena
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Validity
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To be of use to science, a measure must have what two things
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High reliability and validity
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Two types of study design
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Experiments
Quasi experiments (comparative) ~considered the strongest types |
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True experiments involve what two things
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A manipulated IV
Random Assignment to different levels of the IV |
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What does random assignment create
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Initially equivalent groups
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Random assignment to groups permits equating groups to known and unknown what
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Extraneous variables
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Type of study which two or more groups of participants are compared
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Comparative study
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What is missing in a comparative study
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No manipulation of at least one IV
No random assignment |
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Random assignment should apply to any ______ IV's
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Between subject
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What is a type of comparative study
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Developmental research
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what is cross-sectional
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The IV of Age is between subjects
~Taking samples at 2, 4, 5, etc |
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What is Longitudinal
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The IV of age is a within subjects
Stay with the same group of people along the years |
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Developmental Research
IV = Age Could lead to possible what? |
Confound of Cohort effects
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Combines the results of several experiments or quasi-experiments addressing related research hypotheses, building on the statistical power of each
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Meta Analysis
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"N" refers to what
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The number of participants
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Small-N and single-subject experiments should not be cofused with what
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case studies
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ABAB design
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On (meds) off (meds)
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List of studies where the cause-effect relationship is not clear
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Correlational
Survey Research Retrospective research Case studies Observational research Interview Narratives |
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Strength of evidence across study designs is largely determined by how much you can learn about what
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Cause and effect
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Quantitative, medium strength research method for examining how changes in one variable correspond to changes in the others
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Correlational
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What study uses scatterplots with straight-line fits
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Correlational
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Correlational = Goodness of line fit and degree of correlation is reported as the coefficient what
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r
r^2 = strength of correlation |
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Correlational studies are not described in terms of IV and DV...instead
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x and y axis (predictor variable)
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What can't a correlational study tell us
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Causation
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What can a correlational study tell us
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How valuable a variable can be predicted from the value of a predictor variable
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If you can predict almost the exact value of a varible =
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Strong correlation
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Can get in the ballpark on the value of a variable
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Weak Correlation
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Correlations Range from what numbers
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-1 to +1
Line fit will have a positive slope |
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in a correlation study if the range = 0 then what
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there is no relationship
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Correlational strength in numbers
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Greater than .08 (- or +) = strong
.5-.8 = medium closer to 0 = weak |
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This research is used to provide a detailed inspection of prevalence of conditions, practices or attitudes of people
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Survey
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In survey research it is important to avoid what
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Selection bias
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Research method in which old records are examined for possible relationships
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Retrospective
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A Retrospective research method is similar to what other type
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Correlational research
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Type of research where behaviors are studied in their natural settings with reliance on description
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Qualitative
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Concerns of Qualitative research
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Many factors beyond control of researcher
Lack of control of bias not replicable |
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Research method of an intensive observation often in natural settings
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Observational research
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Observational research is most useful to science when ......
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In its earliest stages
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Research of intensive, in-depth study of a single individual
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Case study
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A case study is what different things
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Qualitative
Descriptive No hypothesis or manipulation of variables |
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Research with stories, interview, journals
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Narrative
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List of Strong study designs
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Experiments and comparative
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List of medium study designs
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Correlational, survey, retrospective
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List of low study designs
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Observational, case studies and interview
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Lowest study designs
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Interview, narrative, testimonials
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If two Variables A and B are correlated, its not possible to tell whether A caused B or B caused A
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Directionality problem
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If two variables A and B are correlated, a third variable C may have cause changes in both A and B
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Third Variable Problem
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What selection bias exists, makes spurious _____ likely
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Correlation
SAT scores and teacher salaries |
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Potential benefits of studying more than one IV in a single study
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Time/Effort/Cost
Possibility of looking for interactions among IV |
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An unexpected pattern of data in which one or more conditions do not follow the trends seen for the individual IVs in the rest of the study
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Interaction
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Example of interaction
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Drug dosage (low and HIgh)
Only one IV average across men and women Two IVS = drug dosage and men and women |
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When there is more than one IV and there are participants in all possible pairings of levels of IV's
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Factorial Study
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The conscientious and judicious use of current best evidence to guide health care decisions for improving patient outcomes
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EBP
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What is the AIm of EBP
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Reduce wide variations in individual clinicians' practices, eliminating worst practices and enhancing best practices
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Three types of research articles
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Primary-Original report
Secondary- Review of article Tertiary-Wikipedia |
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Name 5 peer-review journals that publish primary source research
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American Journal of Speech-language pathology
Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in schools Journal of Communication Disorders Journal of Medical Speech-Language Pathology |
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name the structure of Primary-Source Article
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Abstract
Introduction Methods Results Discussion |
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What is an abstract
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Concise summary of the paper
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What is the introduction
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Provides background and orientation that introduces the reader to the study
1 Overview of topic 2 Lit Review 3 Specific problem of question |
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What is the method section
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Detailed description of how study was carried out
Subsections 1 Design 2 Participants 3 Materials 4 Procedure |
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What is the results section
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summarizes the data and statistical analysis
Tables and figures DATA IS NOT INTERPRETED |
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What is the discussion section
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Restate hypothesis and provide summary of main findings
Offer interpretation, evaluation and discussion Suggest future research |
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Stanovich: Why not use common sense?
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Much of it contradicts itself and is unfalsifiable
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Stanovich: Scientists deal with what
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Solvable problems and testable theories
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Goals of science of behavior
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Description
Explanation Prediction Control |
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Four view of science
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Publicly verifiable
Knowledge creation Empirically soluble problems Find strongest evidence |
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Ways of Knowing: Beliving something because someone perceived to be higher said it was so
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Authority
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Ways of knowing: Believing something because it's always been that way
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Tenacity
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Ways of Knowing: Believing something based on things that you can't directly observe
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Superstition
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ways of knowing: Beliving something based on feelings
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Intuition
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Ways of Knowing: Believing something based on a premise without evidence believed to be true, then using reasoning to go forward
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a priori
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Ways of knowing: Believing something based on logic (deductive and inductive)
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Rationalism
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ways of knowing: believing something based on observable evidence
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Empiricism
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Gathering of observations and hypotheses into a unifying whole going from specific examples to general cases
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Inductive reasoning
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Application of generalizations to specific circumstances
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Deductive reasoning
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Four lessons in history
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Nazi Medical
Tuskegee Milgram Monster |
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The Tuskegee study lead to what
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Requirement of institutional review boards
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Two Safeguards in human subjects research
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Confidentiality
Informed consent |
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Characteristics of informed consent
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Must be in writing
Must tell general goals Must state: Risk of harm Benefits Must tell duration Study is voluntary, can leave |
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Deception is deliberately ______ participants
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Misleading
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Any type of deception puts the participant at
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Risk
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In cases of deception, common safeguards are what
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Increased IRB scrutiny
Debriefing Cannot pose serious or long term risks |
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Research that does not need IRB approval
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Accepted educational settings
Survey, public behavior Collection of publicly available data |
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The failures of the Tuskegee study were what
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HIgh risk
No informed consent Deception, no debriefing In adequate treatment and IRB review |
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Milgram Experiment used what
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Deception and caused mental not physical harm
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Animal research compared to human
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More invasive
Incur more serious risks Not capable of informed consent go through the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee |
