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175 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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principal function is to prepare food for cellular use and remove indigestible remains
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digestive system
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taking food into digestive system by way of mouth
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ingestion
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chewing to pulverize food and mix it with saliva
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mastication
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swallowing of food to move it from mouth to stomach
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deglutition/propulsion
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mechanical and chemical breakdown of food
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digestion/chemical digestion
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mixes food with digestive juices, increases efficiency of absorption
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segmentation/mechanical digestion
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passage of molecules of food through mucous membrane of small intestine (into circulatory and lymphatic systems for distribution)
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absorption
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rhythmic, wavelike intestinal contraction that move food through digestive tract
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peristalsis
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dicharge of indigestible wastes
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defecation
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accessory digestive glands, produce saliva, continually secreted, cleans teeth, disolves food, has 3 pairs of glands
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Salivary glands
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two sections of digestive system
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alimentary canal and accessory organs
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GI tract(gastrointestinal), 9m long, extends through mouth to anus, organs include-mouth,pharynx,esophagus,stomach,small and large intestine
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alimentary canal
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these organs include-teeth,tongue,salivary gland,liver,gallbladder,pancreas
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accessory organs
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3 glands produced by the salivary glands
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1. parotid gland
2. submandibular gland 3. sublingual gland |
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refers to developing stomach and intestines in embryo
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gut
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any of the organs (lungs,stomach,spleen)
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viscera
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largest, is below and in front of ear, swelling of this caused by mumps virus
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parotid gland
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two different controls of digestion
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mechanical/chemical or extrinsic/intrinsic
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what 3 things do the sensors in the walls of the GI tract detect
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stretch,osmolarity,substrates
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inferior to mandible about midway on inside of jaw
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submandibular gland
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what are the responses of the GI tract
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to activat or inhibit glands that secrete digestive juices and to stimulate smooth muscle to mix and move contents
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on floor of mouth under tongue
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sublingual gland
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4 layers/tunics of alimentary canal from innermost to outermost
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1. mucosa
2.submucosa 3. muscularis externa 4. serosa |
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secrete mucus throughout GI tract
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goblet cells
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the kind of teeth we have as humans
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heterodont dentition
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thin, binding layer of connective tissue
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lamina propria
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provides autonomic nerve supply to muscularis mucosae
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submucosal plexus
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replaces serosa (outerlayer of GI tract) it is a fibrous connective tissue that binds esophagus to surrounding structures
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adventitia
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teeth are all the same size and shape
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homodont
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referred to as oral or buccal cavity, receptable for food
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mouth
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sockets containing teeth, teeth differ in structure and fxn
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alveoli
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antimicrobial compunds produced in response to injury
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defensis
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mass of food that is swallowed
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bolus
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4 pairs, chisel-shaped for cutting and shearing, have single root
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incisors
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swallowing
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deglutition
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depression between cheeks and lips externally area of gums and teeth internally
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vestibule
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opening of oral cavity
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oral orifice
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one, two, three roots used for crushing and grinding
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premolars(bicuspids) and molars
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opening between oral cavity and pharynx
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fauces
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roof of the oral cavity covered by the mucous membrane
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palate
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assis in manipulating food in oral cavity, aid in speech
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cheeks and lips
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connects lips to gum, inside of mouth
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labial frenulum
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underlain by bone, food is pushed against hard palate during chewing
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hard palate
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transition zone between outer skin and mucous membrane of oral cavity
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vermilion/red margin
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area within teeth and gums
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oral cavity proper
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transverse ridges along hard palate area, serve as friction ridges for tongue during swallowing
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palate rugae
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fills most of mouth when it is closed, mostly skeletal muscle
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tongue
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in toungue, not attached to bone
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intrinsic muscles
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fold of mostly skeletal muscle
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soft palate
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extend to tongue from bones
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extrensic muscles
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located on dorsal surface of base of tongue
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lingual tonsils
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cone-shaped, free edge that projects downward, reflexively closes nasopharynx when we swallow, prevents food and fulid from entering nasal cavity
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uvula
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secure tongue to floor of mouth
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lingual frenulum
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fused tongue, restricted movement
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ankyloglossia
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small elevation on dorsal surface of tongue, rough surface, aid in handling food, contain taste buds
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papillae
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2 pairs, cone-shaped for holding and tearing, have a single root
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canines(cuspids)
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3 types of papillae on tongue
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filiform, fungiform, vallate
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we have two sets of teeth in lifetime together this is called what
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diphyodont
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sensitive to touch, most numerous papillae on tongue, aids in licking, contain keratin- white appearance on tongue
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filiform papillae
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large, rounded, reddish, house taste buds
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fungifom papillae
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arranged in V shape on posterior surface, house taste buds
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vallate
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we have 20 of these teeth which erupt 6mo-2.5 yrs
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deciduous/milk teeth
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division line after vallate
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sulcus terminalis
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roof of the oral cavity covered by the mucous membrane
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palate
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we have 32 of these teeth which begin from age 6-17
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permanent teeth
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underlain by bone, food is pushed against hard palate during chewing
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hard palate
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transverse ridges along hard palate area, serve as friction ridges for tongue during swallowing
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palate rugae
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last teeth to erupt, may cause serious crowding or impaction since jaw is fully formed by their appearance, age 17-25
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wisdom teeth
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fold of mostly skeletal muscle
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soft palate
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cone-shaped, free edge that projects downward, reflexively closes nasopharynx when we swallow, prevents food and fulid from entering nasal cavity
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uvula
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types, number and position of teeth
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dental formula
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number,type and position of teeth
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dental formula
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deciduous formula
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I(incisor) 2/2,C(canine)1/1
DM (deciduous molar) 2/2= 10x2=20 (for both sides) |
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permanent formula
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I2/2,C1/1,P2/2,M3/3=16x2=32
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receives bolus from oral cavity, automatically continues deglutition of bolus to esophagus, common passageway for digestive and respiratory systems, constantly moistened by saliva
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pharynx
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connects pharynx to stomach, a collapsible muscular tube, a/b 25cm long, originates at larynx and located posterior to trachea, located w/in mediastium of thorax
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esophagus
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opening through diaphragm for esophagus(above stomach)
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esphageal hiatus
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joins the stomach at cardiac orifice surrounded by gastroesophageal sphincter
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esphageal hiatus
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restricts backflow of food
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esphageal sphincter
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esophagus transports bolus to stomach by this
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peristalsis
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if pulp on tooth becomes infected, it must be removed this way
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root canal therapy
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regurgitation of small amounts of gastric contents into esophagus
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heartburn
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structural abnormality in which superior part of stomach protrudes above diaphragm
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hiatal hernia
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certain mammals and rodents can't regurgitate (poisons kill mice effectively)
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gastroesphageal sphincter
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receives bolus from esophagus, churns bolus with gastric juice, intitiates digestion of proteins, most distensible portion of GI tract
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stomach
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pasty food material that is moved into small intestine
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chyme
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upper, narrow region of stomach
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cardia
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dome shaped portion of stomach that contacts diaphragm
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fundus
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large central portion of stomach
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body
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funnel shaped terminal portion of stomach
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pylorus
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jxn with small intestine (prevents backflow)
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pyloric sphincter
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broadly rounded surfaces
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anterior&posterior surfaces
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medial concave border
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lesser curvature
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extends between lesser curvature and liver
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lesser omentum
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drugs that stimulate vomiting reflex
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emetics
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lateral convex border
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greater curvature
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number,type and position of teeth
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dental formula
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attached to greater curvature
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greater omentum
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between pyloric sphincter and ileocecal valve, opening into large intestine,receives chyme from stomach and secretion from liver and pancreas
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small intestine
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muscularis layer has 3 layers of smooth muscles, names based upon direction of fiber arrangement
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1. oblique(inner)
2. circular(middle) 3. longitudinal(outer) |
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supports and attaches small intestine, contains BV, nerves and lymph vessels, 3m long and 2.5 cm wide in living person. 2x size in dead person
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mesentary
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longitudinal folds of mucosa, gradually smooth out as stomach fills, many gastric glands
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gastric rugae
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reflex center to empy stomach, activated by GI tract (especially duodenum)
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reflex center
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3 sections of small intestine
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1. duodenum-fixed, C shaped tube 25cm
2. jejunum-2.5 m long 3. ileum- remaing 2m |
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deep folds in mucosa and submucosa
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plicae circulares
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specialized lymph vessels
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lacteals
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innervated smooth muscle and specialized lymph vessels in the small intestine
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lacteal
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cover villi,give wall of intestine carpetlike appearance, promote absorption
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microvilli
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local,ringlike contraction,occur 12-16 min in region containing chyme
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rhythmic segmentations in small intestine
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occur primarily in longitudinal muscle layer, no particular frequecy, constrictive wave that moves along a segment of intestine, stops, then moves in opposite direction
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pendular movements in small intestine
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responsible for propulsive movement of chyme, wavelike contractions, occur at a/b 15-18 min. takes chyme 3-10 hours to travel length of small intestine, both of the 2 muscle layers are involved in this
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peristalsis
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largest internal organ of body, skin is larger, weighs 3.5-4 lbs, vascularity gives it reddish/brown color, 2 lobes
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liver
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saclike organ attached to inferior surface of liver
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gallbladder
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yellowish, green fluid used in digestive process, expelled into cystic duct
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bile
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soft, lobulated, glandular organ, secretes pancreatic juice into duodenum
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pancreas
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secrete glucagon and insulin which control fate of digested carbs in the pancreas
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islets of langerhans
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connects diaphragm to liver
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falciform ligament
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emulsify fats
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bile salts
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bile pigment
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bilirubin
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receives undigested wastes from small intestine, absorbs water and electrolytes, 5 ft long and 2.5 in diameter, begins at end of ileum to anus, no digestive fxn, forms stores and expels feces through defecation
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large intestine
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too much cholesterol or too few bile salts
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gallstones
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dilated pouch below ileocecal valve, valve prevents backfow of chyme
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cecum
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attached to inferior margin of caecum, 3 in. long, may serve to resist infection, lots of lymphatic tissue
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vermiform appendix
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travels up the right side of the abdominal cavity to the level of the right kidney
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ascending colon
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travels across the abdominal cavity
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transverse colon
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descends down the left side of the posterior abdominal wall
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descending colon
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inferior, enters pelvis, becomes s shaped
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sigmoid colon
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terminal 20cm, last portion
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rectum
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very last (2-3 cm)portion
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anal canal
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external opening of anal canal
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anus
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opening beween oral and nasal cavities, immediate problem b/c it interferes with sucking and swallowing
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cleft palate
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inflammation of lips
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chilitis
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difficulty swallowing, may be due to obstruction or injury to esophagus
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dysphagia
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inflammation of intestinal mucosa, discharge of loose stools that contain mucus, pus and blood
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dysentery
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most common form of dysentery
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amebic dysentery
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organism that causes food poisoning from uncleanliness of persons preparing food
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salmonella
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most serious type of food poisoning, contaminated by clostridium botulinum, occurs commonly in nature(canned food must be heated to 120 cel), toxins are poisonous, not the organism, poison is a neurotoxin that is readily absorbed, has effect on nervous system
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botulism
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tooth decay, gradual decalacification of tooth enamel and dentin, dental unclanliness and sugar cause this, <35 more suceptible
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dental caries(cavities)
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person>35 more suceptible, cause inflammation or deterioration of gingivae, alveolar sockets,periodontal membrane and cementum, tooth loss in adults, caused by smoking, plaque,bad diet
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periodontal disease
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dentistry that prevents and corrects misaligned teeth
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orthodontics
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grindin or clenching teeth, response to stress, crack teeth
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bruxism
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inflammation of gum
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gingivitis
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offensive breath odor
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halitosis
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viral disease of parotid salivar glands, may involve pancrease and testes, serious in adults
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mumps
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lack of vit. B12, needed to produce mature RBC's, stomach fails to secret intrinsic factor to allow absortion of vit. B12 in small intestine, injection of vitB12 is an effective treatment
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pernicious anemia
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massive overeating followed by purging, such as self-induced vomiting, taking laxitive, excessive exercise
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bulemia
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inf. of liver, caused by a virus, may lead to cancer and death
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hepatitis
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chronic disease of liver in which fibrous tissue replaces functional hepatic cells, causes include hepatitis, alcoholism, toxin, parasites
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cirrhosis
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malignan cancerous tumors of liver, usually fatal
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hepatomas
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formation of gallstones, obstruct common bile duct, cause intestine pain, cause jaundice
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cholelithiasis
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inflammation of pancreas, caused by blockage of pancreaic duct, causes build up of enzyme trypsin (can digest pancreas)
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pancreatitis
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erosions in mucous membrane of stomach or duodemum, produced by enzyme pepsin
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peptic ulcers
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erosions produced in stomach
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gastric ulcers
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in duodenum, cause not clear but affected by alcohol, coffee and asprin, emotional stress may cause this
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duodenal ulcers
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inflammation of intestinal mucosa referred to as intestinal flu, caused by bacteria, alcohol, stress, symptoms are abdomial pain nausea diarrhea
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enteritis
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acute inflammation of appendix, appenectomy to treat
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appendicitis
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small herniation of mucosa through colon walls
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diverticulosis
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inflammation of colon walls, can be life threatening, cause is lack of bulk/fiber food in diet
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diverticulitis
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inflammation of colon and rectu
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colitis
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varicos eins of rectum and anus
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hemorrhoids
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formation of abdominal exit of GI tract by bringing loop of colon to surfact of abdomen. if rectum is removed because of cancer, colostomy provides a permanent outlet for feces
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colostomy
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inherited diesase of exocrine glands, pancreatic secretions are too thick to drain, cause ducts to become inflamed and promote concective tissue formation that occlude the drainage passageway
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cystic fibrosis
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surgical procedure for creating a bypass of a considerable portion of small intestine, reduces absorptive capacity of small intestine and is used to contrl extreme obesity
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jujunoileal bypass
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discharge of pus a base of teeth and gum line
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pyorrhea
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contagious bacerial infection that causes inflammation,ulceration and painful swelling of floor of mouth, contracted through direct contact by kissing an infected person, it can be treated w/ penicillin
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trench mouth
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surgical removal of section of vagus nerve where it enters stomach to eliminate nerve impulses that stiulate gastric acid secretion, helps cure ulcers
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vagotomy
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when etone bodies accumulate in blood
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ketosis
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outcome of ketosis
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metabolic acidosis
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inadeuate insulin production or receptors
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diabetes mellitus
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heavy sweating, loss of water and nacl
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heat cramps
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skin cells deprived of oxygen and nutrients begin to die
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frostbite
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inherited condition,ldl receptors are absent or abnormal, uptake of cholesterol by tissue cells is blocked and the total chol. in blood is elevated
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familial hypercholeserolemia
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sever protein deficiency in children, resulting in mental retardation and failure to grow
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kwashiorkor
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protein caloriemalnutrition accompanie by progressive wasting
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marasmus
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surgery in which fat of hypodermis is suctioned fom places where it is most abudnad
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suction lipectomy
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