Digestive System Class Notes

Front 1

vitamins are necessary for certain ____ reactions to happen

Back 1

chemical

Front 2

minerals are found in our

Back 2

blood, bones, electrolytes, teeth

Front 3

lipids are helpful for

Back 3

cell membranes, storing energy, myllenization, cholesterol, steroid hormones, energy source, condensed calorie food

Front 4

we need proteins b/c

Back 4

building blocks of cells

Front 5

carbohydrates are helpful b/c

Back 5

gives us the energy we need to fuel our bodies

Front 6

main job of the small intestine

Back 6

absorption

Front 7

main job of large intestine

Back 7

water sucker; compost maker; adds lots of mucus

(has lots of bacteria)

Front 8

digestive system is ____ft from mouth to anus

Back 8

30

Front 9

salivary amylase

Back 9

enzyme that begins to break down starch in the mouth

Front 10

saliva is produced in three glands

Back 10

sublingual

parotid

submandibular

Front 11

saliva contains

Back 11

salivary amylase, mucous lubrication, slats, antibodies

Front 12

deciduous teeth

Back 12

children have 20 by 2 years of age

Front 13

first teeth infants emerge

Back 13

lower incisors (appear by 6 months of age)

Front 14

most adults have ____ permanent teeth

Back 14

32

Front 15

tongue tied

Back 15

frenulum is so long that the infant can't geta good latch on the breast

Front 16

The esophagus connects the mouth to the ________ and pierces the diaphragm to do that.

Back 16

stomach

Front 17

three stages of swallowing

Back 17

buccal phase (oral transit phase) (voluntary)

pharyngeal stage (involuntary)

esophageal stage (involuntary)(peristalsis)

Front 18

stomach's two sphincters

Back 18

cardiac (esophagus>stomach)

pyloric

Front 19

cardiac sphincter

Back 19

prevents stomach contents from going into esophagus

Front 20

pyloric controls

Back 20

release of chyme into duodenum

Front 21

parietal cells in the stomach secrete ________ _______

Back 21

gastric juice (2-3L/day)

Front 22

gastric juice contains

Back 22

hydrochloric acid, mucous

Front 23

hydrochloric acid in the gastric juices does what

Back 23

kills of inhibits bacteria and provides the acidic pH for protesaes to work

Front 24

enzymes in gastric juice break down food, examples being

Back 24

pepsin, renin, lipase

Front 25

intrinsic factor

Back 25

something we need to absorb B12

Front 26

takes about __ hours to process a meal

Back 26

4, unless high in fat, then it's 6

Front 27

The stomach absorbs very few substances, although small amounts of certain lipid-soluble compounds can be taken up, including aspirin, other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and _______

Back 27

ethanol

Front 28

stomach is located

Back 28

left side under ribs

Front 29

small intestine is ____ft long

Back 29

16

Front 30

it takes ____-____hr journey through the small intestine

Back 30

3-6

Front 31

the ________ intestine is where nearly all the nutrient absorption occurs

Back 31

small

Front 32

The Hepatic Portal veins accept aborbed nutrients and take them to the ________

Back 32

liver

Front 33

duodenum

Back 33

most chemical digestion takes place here. bile and pancreatic enzymes are released here

Front 34

bile is a fat _________

Back 34

emulsifier

Front 35

jejunum

Back 35

absorption of nutrients

Front 36

jejunum is about ____ft of absorption

Back 36

6

Front 37

ileum

Back 37

gradual decreased in size and number of villi and increased number of goblet cells

Front 38

millions of _____ line the wall of the small intestines

Back 38

villi

Front 39

________ cover villi

Back 39

microvilli

Front 40

villi increases _______

Back 40

surface area

Front 41

blood and _______ vessels are found inside villi

Back 41

lymph

Front 42

pancreas secretes ________ ________ that contains enzymes to digest carbs, fats, proteins, nucleic acid

Back 42

pancreatic juice

Front 43

absorption happens through ________

Back 43

epithelium

Front 44

lacteal capillaries absorb _____ from small intenstine

Back 44

fats

Front 45

Carb digestions is mainly carried out in the _________ _________ by the action of pancreatic amylase, which breaks down starch into monosaccharides, disaccharides or oligosaccharides

Back 45

small intestine

Front 46

saccharides

Back 46

big molecule of carbohydrate

Front 47

sacchardies are broken down further at the brush border by various enzymes into monosaccharides that can be abosorbed into the ____

Back 47

blood

Front 48

carb digestion begins in the ______

Back 48

mouth

Front 49

protein digestion begins in the ______

Back 49

stomach

Front 50

Proteins continue to be digested in small intestine by action of enzymes found in ________ _____, namely trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, elastase

Back 50

pancreatic juice

Front 51

triglycerides are insoluble in _____ therefore enter the small intestine as large clumps of molecules, meaning that the pancreatic lipase is only able to act on their surface

Back 51

water

Front 52

Triglyceride clumps are overcome by emulsification into smaller droplets by ____ salt from the liver

Back 52

bile

Front 53

fat-soluble vit

Back 53

A, D, E, K

Front 54

water-soluble vitamins

Back 54

B complex, C

Front 55

fat-soluble are transported to the brush border of _______ _____

Back 55

absorptive cells

Front 56

The _____ soluble vitamins are absorbed directly through simple diffusion

Back 56

water

Front 57

Vitamin B12 is absorbed by active transport after being coupled with an intrinsic factor produced by the ________

Back 57

stomach

Front 58

The contents that pass through to the large intestine are the indigestible food materials, water and large amounts of _______

Back 58

bacteria

Front 59

functions of large intestine

Back 59

absorbs H2O & electrolytes, stores feces,, little digestive function, secretes of mucous to facilitate movement

Front 60

the large intestine is ___ft long

Back 60

5

Front 61

large intestine is like a

Back 61

compost bin

Front 62

6 parts of large intestine

Back 62

cecum, ascending (right) colon, transverse colon, descending (left) color, sigmoid colon, rectum

Front 63

role of bacteria

Back 63

devour the rest of food and produce vitamins (K and some B)

Front 64

amount of bacteria depends on ____ and use of antibiotics

Back 64

diet

Front 65

Bacteria can make up ____ the wt of fecal material

Back 65

half

Front 66

gas is made primarily of odorless vapors including

Back 66

carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen and sometimes methane

Front 67

Defecation reflex is activated when ______ ______ that are activated by the presence of feces in rectum

Back 67

stretch receptors

Front 68

defecation reflex causes contraction of ________ _____ and rectum and the relaxation of anal sphincter

Back 68

sigmoid colon

Front 69

pancreatic function

Back 69

produces pancreatic juice

neutralizes stomach acid

totally responsible for fat breakdown

Front 70

pancreatic juice

Back 70

secreted by pancreas

alkaline in nature

Front 71

Amount of pancreatic juice is regulated by the hormones secretin and cholecystokinin which are produced by the walls of the _______ upon detection of acid food

Back 71

duodenum

Front 72

liver has many functions, but its digestive function is to produce

Back 72

bile

Front 73

bile emulsifies _____ for absorption

Back 73

fats

Front 74

b/c bile increases absorption of fats, it is important in absorbing _____soluble vitamins

Back 74

fat

Front 75

besides digestion, bile serves as route of excretion for _________

Back 75

bilirubin

Front 76

liver is located

Back 76

mostly under right ribcage, with some coming down under

Front 77

liver is ______ center for nutrients

Back 77

triage

Front 78

liver other functions

Back 78

carbohydrate metabolism

glycogen (storage form of glucose)

fat metabolism

protein metabolism

protein synthesis

remove toxic chemicals from blood

storage unit for vitamins (A, D, E, K, B12)

storage unit for minerals (iron, copper)

Front 79

cholesterol is a lipid that forms the basis for many important molecules, such as steroid hormones, and promotes the stability of ________ membranes

Back 79

plasma

Front 80

about ____% of cholesterol is synthesized by the liver

Back 80

85

Front 81

about ____% of cholesterol is derived from dietary sources

Back 81

15

Front 82

deaminating

Back 82

the process before proteins can be used to produce ATP or be converted into carbohydrates and lipids, their amine groups must be removed

Front 83

the wate product of deaminating is

Back 83

ammonia

Front 84

Plasma proteins are synthesized and secreted by the ________. (These include albumin, fibrinogen, prothrombin, alpha, beta globulines)

Back 84

hepatocytes

Front 85

globulins

Back 85

antibodies

Front 86

goblet cell

Back 86

produces mucus

Front 87

gallbladder stores and concentrates

Back 87

bile

(DOES NOT PRODUCE)

Front 88

componenets of bile

Back 88

bile salts

bile pigments

cholesterol

electrolytes

Front 89

gallbladder pigments are a result of

Back 89

RBC breakdown

Front 90

gallbladder stones sx of

Back 90

high cholesterol diet

Front 91

gall stones

Back 91

balance between cholesterol and vile salts is disturbed

Front 92

gallstones may block the flow of _____ and contraction of the gallbladder against the sharp crystals may cause pain

Back 92

bile

Front 93

jaundice is

Back 93

unconjugated bilirubin in skin