Digestive System

Front 1

Digestive process

Back 1

1. Ingestion

2. Propulsion

3. Mechanical digestion

4. Chemical digestion

6. Absorption

7. Defecation

Front 2

Ingestion

Back 2

Process of taking food into the digestive tract usually via the mouth

Front 3

Propulsion

Back 3

Process of moving food through the alimentary canal

Front 4

Are part of which part of digestive process?

Swallowing

Peristalsis

Back 4

Propulsion

Front 5

Mechanical digestion

Back 5

1. chewing

2. Mixing of food with the saliva

3. Churning food in the stomach

4. Segmentation

Front 6

Peristalasis

Back 6

A. Alternative waves of contraction of relaxation of the muscle in the organ wall.

B. More common in the Stomach

Front 7

Segmentation

Back 7

a. Mixing of food with digestive juices; increase the rate of absorption of food.

B. More common in the SI

Front 8

Chemical digestion

Back 8

(Catabolic process) large food molecules >> enzymes >>small food molecules (facilitates absorption

Front 9

Absorption

Back 9

Transport of digested end products (vitamins, minerals, water) from the lumen of the GI tract to blood or lymph

Front 10

Defecation

Back 10

Elimination of indigestible substances via the anus

Front 11

Bloody Supply

Splancnic circulation

Back 11

1. Celiac trunk

2. Mesenteric vessels

Front 12

Hepatic Portal Circulation

Back 12

Collect nutrition-rich venous blood from the digestive organs and delivers it to the liver for processing and storage; the nutrients are then release back into the bloodstream for general use.

Front 13

Walls of the GI organ

Back 13

1. Mucosa

2. Submucosa

3. Muscularis external

4. Serous a (or adventititia)

Front 14

Kind of epithelium find in the Mucosa of GI organ

Back 14

Simple Columnar

Front 15

Muscularis externa

Back 15

Myenteric plexus enteric neurons that provide the major nerve supply to the GI tract wall and control GI motion (Peristalsis and segmentation)

Front 16

Salivary glands

Back 16

Parotid

Submandibular

Sublingual

Front 17

Amylase

Back 17

Enzymes that begins the chemical breakdowns of starchy foods

Front 18

Find in the salivary glands

Back 18

Amylase

Lysozyme

IgA

Front 19

2 phases of deglutation (swallowing)

Back 19

1. Bucal phase

2. Pharyngeal- esophageal phase -

pharynx/esophagus (involuntary)

Front 20

mouth

Back 20

1. Allow for the ingestion of food

2. include some accessory organs like :

teeth

tongue

salivary glands

Front 21

Salivary glands

Back 21

Parotid, submandibular, sublingual

Amylase

Lysozyme

IgA

parasympatheticMainly under parasympatheri control

Front 22

Amylase

Back 22

enzyme that begin the chemical breakdown of starchy food.

Front 23

Parynx

Back 23

food passes from the oropharynx>>laryngopharynx

Front 24

Esophagus

Back 24

Passes through the mediastinum and pierces the diaphragm at the esophageal hiatus to join the stomach at the cardiac orifice which in turn is surrounded by the gastroesophageal sphincter.

Front 25

Deglutition (swallowing) 2 phases

Back 25

1. Buccal phase - mouth (voluntary)

2. Pharyngeal - esophageal phase -

pharynx/esophagus (involuntary)

Front 26

Sensory and motor impulses (location)

Back 26

swallowing center (pons/medulla oblongata) >>>peristalsis

Front 27

gastroesophageal sphincter

Back 27

is located at the beginning of the stomach

Front 28

Stomach

Back 28

1. Iniciates the chemical breakdown of protein

2. Bolus>>Chyme (crème past)

3. Mucosa

Front 29

Mucosa

Back 29

@ Simple columnar epithelium with goblet cells

@ Gastric pits >>> gastric glands>>> gastric juice

@ Cells of the gastric glands (surrounded by capilares)

Front 30

Cells of the gastric glands

Back 30

@ Mucous neck cells>> acidic mucus

@ Parietal (oxyntic) cells >> HCI (bring stomach to pH 1.5 to 3.5)/intrinsic factor (absorp. of Vit. B12)

@ Chief (zymogenic) cells>> pepsinogen>> pep sin

@ Enteroendocrine cells

Front 31

Chief (zygomatic) cells

Back 31

Pepsinogen >>>Pepsin

Front 32

Enteroendocrine cells

Back 32

endorphins

gastrin

histamine

serotonin

somatostatin

Front 33

Regulation of gastric secretion

NEUTRAL and HORMONAL

3 phases

Back 33

1. Cephalic

2. Gastric

3. Intestinal

Front 34

Cephalic

Back 34

a. Occurs before ford enters the stomach

b. Taste, smell, sight and thought of food>>>

stimulate stomach glands to secrete

Front 35

Gastric

Back 35

a. Stomach distension >> activates stretch

receptors >>> stimulates stomach glands

to secrete

b. Chemical stimuli provided by caffeine, rising

pH, and partially digested protein

Front 36

Chemical stimuli provided by caffeine, rising pH, and partially digested protein

Back 36

Protein foods>>> rise in stomach pH because the proteins buffer the H+ ions >>> gastrin released from Enteroendocrine cells (G cells) >>> stimulates HCI release >>> provides the acidic conditions needed for protein digestion. Note: gastrin secretion is inhibited when gastric contents become highly acidic

Front 37

HCI formation is stimulated by

Back 37

a. Ach

b. Gastrin

c. Histamine

Front 38

Alkaline tide

Back 38

blood leaving the stomach is more alkaline than blood entering the stomach; the alkaline tide" of the stomach will be neutralized by the "acidic tide" of the pancreas.

Front 39

Intestinal

2 Components

Back 39

Excitatory (brief)

Inhibitory (enterogastric reflex)

Front 40

Excitatory (brief)

Back 40

as partially digested food begins filling the duodenum, intestinal mucosal cells secrete enteric gastric which stimulates gastric secretions and motility

Front 41

Inhibitory (enterogastric reflex)

Back 41

intestinal distensinwith chime containing large amount of H+, fats, and partially digested proteins triggers the release of enterogastrones (secretin, CCK, VIP, GIP) the decrease gastric secretions and motility

Front 42

Where and when does peristalsis begins?

Back 42

After meal

Near the gastroesophageal sphincter

Front 43

What does intensify motility

Back 43

approaching to the pylorus

bigger amount of food

Front 44

Rhythm of the

Back 44

It is set by the spontaneous activity of pacemaker cell (interstitial cells of Caja) that depolarize and repolarize 3 times per minute.

Front 45

Normal emptying time of the stomach

Back 45

3 to 4 hours (when food is properly combined)

Front 46

Small intestine

Back 46

Site when digestion is completed

Site where virtually all absorption occurs

Front 47

Small Intestine anatomy

Back 47

1. Duodenum

2. Jejunum

3. Ileum

Front 48

Small Intestine

Modification for absorption

Back 48

1. Plicae circularis

2. Villi

3. Microvilli

Front 49

Plicae circularis

Back 49

folds of the mucosa and submucosa

Front 50

Villi

Back 50

finger-like projections of the mucosa; at the core of the villi: lacteals - for the absorption of fatty acids and monoglycerides: between the villi : Cripts of Lieberkuhn- secrete intestinal juice (pH = 6.5 to 7.8)

Front 51

Microvilli

Back 51

Projections of the plasma membrane of the epithelial cells that line the villi; contain Brush border enzymes: disaccharidases - carbohudrate digestion: peptidases - protein digestion

Front 52

Cripts of Lieberkuhn

Back 52

pH 6.5 to 7.8

Front 53

Mucosa

Back 53

Simple columnar epithelium with mucus-production goblet cells and Enteroendocrine cells (release enterogastrones)

Front 54

Submucosa

Back 54

Ileum

Doudenum

Front 55

Ileum

Back 55

Peyer's patches

Front 56

Duodenum

Back 56

Brunner's glands- secrete bicarbonate - rich mucus to neutralize the acidic chime coming from the stomach

Front 57

Liver

Back 57

1. Largest gland in the body

2. The only digestive function of the liver is the production of the bile

Front 58

Bile Salts

Back 58

Emulsify fats

Facilitate fat and cholesterol absorption

Help solubilize cholesterol contained in the bile and that coming from the diet

Front 59

Bile pigments

Back 59

Bilirubin >> urobilinogen and stercobilinogen (brown color of feces)

Cholesterol

Front 60

Anatomy of the liver

Back 60

Right lobe, left, quadrate, caudate

ligamentum teres, falciform

Ducts: right and left hepatic, common hepatic

Front 61

Microscopic anatomy

Back 61

1. Liver lobule

Triad (branch of the hepatic artery, branch of the hepatic portal vein, and bile duct)

2. Blood flow directed towards the central vein; bile flow directed towards the bile duct

Front 62

Gall Bladder

Back 62

@. Muscular sac located on the ventral undersurface of the liver.

@. Stores and concentrates bile

Front 63

Anatomy of the Gall bladder

Back 63

# Cystic duct

# Common bile duct

Front 64

Contraction of the Gall bladder

Back 64

$ Parasumpatheric (CN X)

$ CCK

Front 65

CCK

Back 65

* released by the intestines when fatty, acidic chime enters the duodenum

* stimulates pancreatic secretion

* relaxes the Sphincter of Oddi

Front 66

Pancreas Anatomy

Back 66

Head, body, tail

Pancreatic duct and accessory duct

Hepatopancreatic duct

Front 67

Pancreatic juice

Back 67

pH 8: neutralizes the acidic chime entering the duodenum

Front 68

Pancreatic enzymes:

Back 68

inactive proteases that become activated once they enter the duodenum via duodenal enterokinases (example inactive trypsinogen converted to active trypsin)

Front 69

Regulation of pancreatic secretions

Back 69

Parasympatheric (CN X)

Secretin

CCK

Front 70

Motility of the Small Intestine

Back 70

Mainly segmentation (as opposed to peristalsis in the stomach)

Gastroileal reflex

Front 71

Gastroileal reflex

Back 71

Increases segmentation

Relaxes ileocecal valve

Front 72

Large Intestine

Back 72

Cecum

Ascending Colon

Hepatic flexure (liver)

Transverse colon

Splenic flexure (spleen)

Descending colon

Sigmoid colon

Rectum

Front 73

Associated anatomy of Large Intestine

Back 73

Haustra

Teniae coli

Front 74

Function of Large Intestine

Back 74

Absorb water from the indigestible food residues delivered to it in a fluid state and eliminated them from the body as semisolid feces

Front 75

Bacterial flora

Back 75

Ferment indigestible carbohydrates >> acid and gasses (flatus)

Synthesize vitamins B and K

Front 76

Motility Large Intestine

Back 76

Sluggish, short - lived peristaltic contractions

Haustra contractions (slow, segmenting movements that occur every 30 min

Mass movements

Front 77

Mass movements

Back 77

Long, slow-moving, powerful contractions that push feces into the rectum; 3 to 4 times in 24 hours during or after meal - gastrocolic reflex

Front 78

Defecation reflex

Back 78

Distension of the rectum with feces sends nerve impulses to the CNS which ultimately leads to a motor response that contracts the rectal walls and relaxes the internal anal shincter