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128 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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the throat
Name all 3 parts from upper to lower. |
pharynx
1. nasopharynx 2. oropharynx 3. laryngopharynx |
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the food tube
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esophagus
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the hole in the diaphragm through which the esophagus passes
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esophageal hiatus
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when intestines and other abdominal organs push through the diaphragm and into the thorax
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hiatal hernia
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the mouth
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buccal cavity
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lips
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labia
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gums
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gingivae
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Name the 4 types of teeth and their functions.
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1. incisors - biting
2. canines - tearing 3. premolars - grinding 4. molars - grinding |
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the space between the cheeks and gums
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vestibule
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Name the three regions of a tooth.
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1. crown
2. neck 3. root |
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What hard material covers the crown of a tooth?
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enamel
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What material forms most of the tooth and is found beneath the enamel?
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dentin
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What is the space at the center of a tooth that contains the blood vessels and nerves?
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pulp cavity
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How many pairs of salivary glands do humans have? Name them.
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3 pairs
1. parotid 2. sublingual 3. submandibular |
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What are the three parts of the small intestine in order?
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1. duodenum
2. jejunum 3. ileum |
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Name the parts of the large intestine.
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cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anus
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a wormlike extension of the cecum
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vermiform appendix
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pouches of the colon
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haustra
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longitudinal bands of smooth muscle on the large intestine
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taeniae coli
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a secretion of the liver which emulsifies fats
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bile
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this structure concentrates bile for delivery to the duodenum
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gallbladder
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stomach cells that make pepsinogen
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chief cells
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stomach cells that make HCl
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parietal cells
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stomach cells that make rennin and gastric lipase
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chief cells
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stomach cells that make instrisic factor
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parietal cells
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What is the function of intrinsic factor?
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It allows the absorption of vitamin B12.
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What is the function of pepsin?
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digests proteins
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What are the functions of HCl?
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1. kills germs
2. activates pepsinogen 3. breaks down cell walls |
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taking food in by mouth
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ingestion
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chemical breakdown of food by enzymes
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digestion
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weakenings in the colon wall forming small outpockets that can cause pain and bleeding
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diverticulosis
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energy value of food - energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius
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calorie
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1000 calories
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kilocalorie or Calorie
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tool used to measure calories
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calorimeter
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vitamin D deficiency
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rickets
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vitamin C deficiency
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scurvy
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protein deficiency
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kwashiorkor
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varicose veins in the anus
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hemorrhoids
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when stomach acid pushes up into the esophagus and causes "heartburn"
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acid relflux
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What are the two major categories of vitamins? Give examples of each.
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fat-soluble - A,D, E, and K
water-soluble - B complex and C |
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What are carbohydrates broken down into?
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monosaccharides
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What are proteins broken down into?
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amino acids
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What are lipids broken down into?
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fatty acids and glycerol
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What is the result of periodontal disease?
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loose teeth that fall out
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the use of a flexible, fiber-optic tube to view inside the abdomen, biopsy, and do small surgical procedures
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laparoscopy
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inflammation of the appendix
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appendicitis
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What tissue makes up most of the appendix?
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lymphoid
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when not enough water is reabsorbed in the large intestine
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diarrhea
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when too much water is reabsorbed in the large intestine
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constipation
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essential substances normally obtained by the diet
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nutrients
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the sum of the body's chemical reactions - what are the two parts of it?
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metabolism
- catabolic and anabolic |
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What are the three major functions of the large intestine?
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1. reabsorb water
2. vitamin production 3. compaction of feces |
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an inability to digest lactose
- what causes this |
lactose intolerance
- lack of rennin and gastric lipase with aging |
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an ulcer that goes through the digestive tract and into the peritoneum
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perforated ulcer
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What type of muscle controls the digestive tract? Is this voluntary or involuntary?
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smooth muscle - involuntary
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Name the 4 regions of the stomach.
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cardia, fundus, body, pylorus
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the partially digested, acidic mixture leaving the stomach
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chyme
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Give 2 important jobs of the mesenteries.
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stabilize organs
provide a path for vessels and nerves |
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Where is bile
1. produced 2. concentrated 3. secreted |
1. liver
2. gallbladder 3. duodenum |
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What is the function of bile?
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emulsifies fats - breaks them into smaller pieces
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What is the name for the bile tube from the liver to the gallbladder?
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hepatic duct
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What is the term for the bile tube from the gallbladder?
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cystic duct
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What is the term for the tube from the pancreas?
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pancreatic duct
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What is the term for the tube joining the cystic and hepatic ducts?
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common bile duct
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liver cells
- the basic functional units of the liver |
hepatocytes
-lobules |
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How many lobes are found in a human liver? Name them.
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4 - right, left, caudate and quadrate
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Name the three major functions of the liver.
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1. secrete bile
2. control metabolism 3. control blood composition |
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What chemical compound makes up the majority of saliva?
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water
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Give 3 functions of saliva.
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lubrication for swallowing
dissolve for taste kill germs |
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HGive 3 functions of the tongue.
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taste
swallow mechanical processing speech |
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the fibrous structure holding the tongue to the floor of the mouth
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lingual frenulum
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the roof of the mouth
- with bone - without bone |
palate
- hard palate - soft palate |
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the dangling tip of the soft palate
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uvula
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movement of the digestive tract that churns and mixes food without moving it forward
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segmentation
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wavelike motion of the digestive tract that propels food
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peristalsis
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the release of water, acids, enzymes, buffers, and other useful material into the digestive tract
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secretion
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the correct term for the digestive tract
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gastrointestinal tract
alimentary canal |
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the medical specialty dealing with the digestive system
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gastroenterology
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What epithelial tissue lines most of the digestive tract?
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simple columnar epithelium
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What epithelial tissue lines the portions of the digestive tract where there is more abrasion?
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stratified squamous epithelium
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Give 6 examples of accessory structures to the digestive tract.
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teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
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Give 2 examples of how the mucosa is designed to increase surface for digestion and absorption.
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villi and microvilli
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Give two ways the digestive tract can expand to increase capacity.
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rugae in stomach and plicae in small intestine
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Compare sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation of the digestive tract.
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sympathetic - "fight or flight" - inhibits
parasympathetic - "rest and digest" - stimulates |
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What 2 main muscle layers are found throughout the digestive tract?
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circular and longitudinal
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What part of the digestive tract has a third muscular layer? WHat is it called?
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stomach - oblique layer
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What is the term for the serous membrane lining the abdominopelvic cavity? What are the two types?
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peritoneum
- visceral and parietal |
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small mucosal tumors in the intestine - cancer precursors
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polyps
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scarring of the liver
Give 3 possible causes. |
cirrhosis
1. drugs (alcohol) 2. hepatitis 3. ischemia or blockage |
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gallstones
inflammation of the gallbladder |
cholelithiasis
cholecystitis |
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vomiting
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emesis
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a "binge and purge" eating disorder
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bulimia
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tool for looking at the stomach
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gastroscope
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surgical removal of the stomach
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gastrectomy
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a circular muscle
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sphincter
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Give 4 sphincters in the GI tract.
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cardiac sphincter
pyloric sphincter ileocecal valve anal sphincters |
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What are 3 functions of HCl in the stomach?
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kill germs
activate pepsinogen break down cell walls |
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swallowing
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deglutition
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chewing
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mastication
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the small ball of swallowed food
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bolus
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What is the purpose of pepsinogen?
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becomes pepsin which digests protein
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the fatty apron that hangs from the stomach
- 2 types |
greater omentum
lesser omentum |
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What purpose is served by excess salivation before emesis?
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prevents teeth from being destroyed by stomach acid
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a viral infection typical of salivary glands
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mumps
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WHat other body parts can be targeted by the mumps virus other than the salivary glands? What is the result?
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testes - sterility
pancreas - diabetes |
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Why isn't mumps common in the US?
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MMR vaccine
- measles, mumps and rubella |
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a tooth that can't erupt
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impacted
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How many deciduous teeth are there?
- secondary teeth? |
20-32
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the removal of solid waste from the body
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defecation
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the removal of liquid waste from the body
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urination
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the movement of small, organic molecules through the digestive epithelium and into capillaries
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absorption
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Name the 7 major parts of the GI tract in order.
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mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus
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Name the 4 layers of the digestive tract wall from inner to outer.
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mucosa
submucosa muscularis externa serosa |
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the physical manipulation of food, chewing, mixing
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mechanical processing
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What do the pancreatic islets secrete? What are these? Where do they go?
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insulin and glucagon - hormones into the bloodstream
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What do the pancreatic acini secrete? What is this? WHere does it go?
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pancreatic juice - enzymes - duodenum
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digests carbs
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carbohydrases
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digests proteins
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proteases
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digests lipids
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lipases
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tool to look at the colon
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colonoscope
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cutting out part of the colon
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colectomy
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attaching the cut end of the colon to the body wall with a bag to collect feces
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colostomy
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inflammation of the
1. liver 2. pancreas 3. esophagus |
hepatitis
pancreatitis esophagitis |
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inflammation of the
1. stomach 2. peritoneum |
gastritis
peritonitis |
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baby teeth
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deciduous teeth
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what represents a male on a pedigree?
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square
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what represents a female on a pedigree?
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circle
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what is a major goal of the human genome project
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diagnose and treat diseases
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