Exam 2: Digestive System, Cell Membranes, Transport Mechanisms

Front 1

trace a piece of food through the GI tract from the mouth to the anal canal

Back 1

1. mouth
2. pharynx
3. esophagus
4. stomach
5. small intestine
6. large intestine
7. anal canal

Front 2

list 3 similarities found throughout the GI tract

Back 2

1. movement of food
2. innervation (nerves controlling things)
3. wall structure

Front 3

what is the peritoneum?

Back 3

the membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity [below diaphragm]

Front 4

how many layers does the peritoneum have?

Back 4

2 layers

Front 5

what are the layers of the peritoneum?

Back 5

1- parietal: lines inner wall of abdominal and pelvic cavities

2- visceral (serosa): covers visceral organs

Front 6

what is located between the layers of the peritoneum?

Back 6

peritoneal cavity -- contains peritoneal fluid

Front 7

what is found between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches of the oral cavity?

Back 7

palatine tonsil

Front 8

list the locations of the 4 different types of taste receptors on the tongue

Back 8

1. bitter - toward the back
2. sour - toward sides
3. salt - tip and upper front portion of tongue
4. sweet - tip of tongue

Front 9

list the teeth found in deciduous VS permanent dentitions

Back 9

deciduous: 4 incisors, 2 cuspids, 4 molars

permanent: 4 incisors, 2 cuspids, 4 premolars, 6 molars (last 2 molars are wisdom teeth)

Front 10

list the layers of a tooth

Back 10

enamel
dentin
cementum
pulp
root canals
periodontal ligament

Front 11

list the 3 pairs of salivary glands

Back 11

1. sublingual
2. submandibular
3. parotid

Front 12

list the 2 cell types found in the salivary glands

Back 12

serous & mucous

Front 13

what is each type of salivary gland cell type composed of?

Back 13

serous: water; produces salivary amylase, bicarbonate (neutralize acids)

mucous: thick; mucous secretion for lubrication

Front 14

what is each type of salivary gland stimulated by?

Back 14

serous: parasympathetic (speeds it up)

mucous: sympathetic (fight or flight: slows down)

Front 15

list 4 functions of saliva

Back 15

1. solvent for taste
2. lubrication for swallowing
3. digestion of carbohydrates - due to amylase
4. cleanser - lysozyme breaks up cell walls of bacteria

Front 16

state the function of the eustacian tube

Back 16

connects nasopharynx to middle ear to equalize pressure

Front 17

list/describe the 3 stages of swallowing

Back 17

1. voluntary -- tongue moves bolus into oropharynx

2. pharyngeal -- involuntary; peristalsis through pharynx; epiglottis closes over glottis (lets food into esophagus and not into trachea)

3. esophageal -- peristalsis into stomach

Front 18

list 3 functions of the stomach

Back 18

1. digestion
2. food reservoir (*MAIN FUNCTION*)
3. limited absorption... not of nutrients though

Front 19

list and describe the location of the 4 regions of the stomach

Back 19

1. cardiac -- upper region, located near heart, comes off espohagus

2. fundus -- upper left portion of stomach

3. body -- main, middle part of stomach

4. pyloric -- part of stomach between body and duodenum of small intestine

Front 20

state how the wall of the stomach is different from the rest of the GI tract

Back 20

the muscularis layer of stomach has three layers: longitudinal, circular, oblique

the mucosa has lots of folds (rugae) that allow for expansion of stomach as food comes in

the mucosa contains gastric pits and gastric glands

Front 21

state the name for the folds of the stomach mucosa

Back 21

rugae

Front 22

list the 4 types of cells lining a gastric gland

Back 22

1. mucous
2. parietal
3. chief (zymogenic)
4. enteroendocrine

Front 23

list the secretions from each type of the cells lining the gastric gland

Back 23

1. mucous -- mucus

2. parietal -- hydrochloric acid & intrinsic factor

3. chief (zymogenic) -- enzymes [pepsinogen & gastric lipase]

4. enteroendrocrine -- hormone [gastrin]

Front 24

list the 3 phases of gastric secretion

Back 24

1. cephalic
2. gastric
3. enteric (intestinal)

Front 25

describe the 3 phases of gastric secretion

Back 25

1. cephalic -- sight, smell, taste, or thought of food; caused by parasympathetic reflexes

2. gastric -- food in stomach; caused by stomach distention, secretagogues, gastrin, parasympathetic reflexes

3. enteric (intestinal) -- chyme in small intestine; caused by intestinal gastrin

Front 26

list 2 ways in which stomach secretion is inhibited

Back 26

1. hormones from small intestine
[CCK-PZ, secretin, GIP]

2. enterogastric reflex
[A. chyme stretches duodenum; B. receptors signal CNS; C. motor signals inhibit secretion, peristalsis]

Front 27

list 3 functions of the small intestine

Back 27

1. major site of digestion
2. absorption of nutrients
3. moves residue to large intestine

Front 28

list the structural modifications of the small intestine mucosa adapted for absorption

Back 28

1. simple columnar epithelium
2. plicae
3. villi
4. microvilli

Front 29

list the 3 sources of secretion from the small intestine

Back 29

1. goblet cells
2. crypts of Lieberkuhn
3. paneth cells

Front 30

what is secreted by the goblet cells?

Back 30

mucus -- to protect wall of small intestine

Front 31

what secretes the hormones? which hormones are they?

Back 31

crypts of Liberkuhn; GIP, secretin, CCK-PZ

Front 32

what secretes the enzymes? what enzymes are secreted?

Back 32

Paneth cells; lysozyme

Front 33

list 6 classes of nutrients absorbed by the small intestine

Back 33

1. monosaccharides
2. amino acids
3. triglycerides
4. electrolytes
5. vitamins
6. water

Front 34

what is unique about fatty acid absorption?

Back 34

triglycerides combine with protein --> chylomicrons.

chylomicrons are absorbed in the lacteal [lymphatic system] and then get dumped in the subclavian veins.

Front 35

list 4 classes of enzymes secreted by the pancreas

Back 35

1. pancreatic amylase

2. lipases

3. nucleases

4. proteases

Front 36

what does each pancreatic enzyme catalyze?

Back 36

pancreatic amylase: digests starch [polysaccharide] down to maltose [disaccharide]

lipases: breaks down fats into fatty acids + alcohol

nucleases: digests nucleic acids

proteases: digests proteins [these enzymes are inactive until they hit the small intestine]

Front 37

list the 3 proteolytic enzymes secreted by the pancreas

Back 37

trypsinogen

chymotrypsin

carboxypeptidase

Front 38

how is each proteolytic enzyme (released by pancreas) activated?

Back 38

trypsinogen: activated by enterokinase

chymotrypsin & carboxypeptidase: activated by trypsin

Front 39

what is the effect on the pancreas of the hormones secretin and CCK-PZ?

Back 39

secretin: stimulates pancreas to produce a high volume of weak juice with a low concentration of enzymes; high bicarbonate (HCO3-) to buffer the acid coming out of the stomach

CCK-PZ: stimulates pancreas to produce a low volume of strong juice with a high concentration of enzymes

Front 40

list 3 functions of the cell membrane

Back 40

1. functions as a boundary separating the internal environment of the cell from the external environment of the cell

2. functions as a semipermeable barrier, only permitting passage of selected materials into or out of the cell

3. contains protein receptors that enable the cell to communicate via chemicals with the exterior of the cell

Front 41

describe the electrical polarity of the cell membrane

Back 41

the inner surface is slightly more negatively charged as compared to the outer surface

Front 42

describe the Singer-Nicholson fluid mosaic model of membrane structure

Back 42

there are 2 layers of molecules (phospholipids) that consist of many copies of the "polar head" and 2 lines projecting inward called the "fatty acid tails"

Front 43

state which end of the phospholipid molecule is hydrophilic and which is hydrophobic

Back 43

the polar head is hydrophilic

the fatty acid tails are hydrophobic

Front 44

list 6 functions of cell membrane proteins

Back 44

1. channel proteins

2. carrier proteins

3. receptor proteins

4. enzymes

5. anchor proteins

6. cell identity or marker proteins

Front 45

state the difference between passive and active methods of transport

Back 45

in passive [physical] transport, the cell moves material through the cell membrane without using energy to do so

in active [physiological] transport, materials are moved through the cell membrane accompanied by an expenditure of energy mediated by breaking of bonds within ATP

Front 46

list the 4 passive (physical) methods of transport

Back 46

1. simple diffusion

2. facilitated diffusion

3. filtration

4. osmosis

Front 47

describe the 4 passive (physical) methods of transport

Back 47

simple diffusion: materials are moved from an area of HIGH concentration to an area of LOW concentration [down its concentration gradient]

facilitated diffusion: refers to the movement of substances down their concentration gradient with the aid of carrier proteins embedded within the cell membrane

filtration: materials are moved from an area of HIGH PRESSURE to one of LOWER PRESSURE [down a pressure gradient]

osmosis: DIFFUSION OF WATER through a SEMIPERMEABLE MEMBRANE

Front 48

define the term "osmotic pressure"

Back 48

the force that drives osmosis; measure by applying equal downward pressure, which prevents the fluid level from rising

Front 49

contrast the terms: "isotonic", "hypertonic", and "hypotonic"

Back 49

isotonic: EQUAL concentration of solutes [and therefore water] on both sides of the cell membrane

hypertonic: cell will shrivel as water leaves the cell, flowing down its concentration gradient; the reason for this is that the hypertonic solution contains a higher concentration of solute [and therefore water] that they cytoplasm of the cell

hypotonic: a cell will swell as water enters the cell, flowing down the concentration gradient; the reason for this is because the hypotonic solution contains a lower concentration of solute [therefore more water] than the cytoplasm

Front 50

list the 2 basic categories of active transport methods

Back 50

1. active transport: materials are moved through the cell membrane from low to high concentration [against the concentration gradient]

2. bulk transport: involves movement of a relatively large amount of material through the cell membrane

Front 51

contrast primary and secondary active transport

Back 51

primary active transport involves SPLITTING of the molecule ATP [thus releasing energy] with an accompanying change in the shape of a membrane protein; this change of shape results in movement of some material through the cell membrane [ie. sodium/potassium pump]]

secondary active transport: depends on ION GRADIENTS [differences in ion concentrations across the cell membrane] established by means of primary active transport

Front 52

contrast the terms "symport" and "antiport"

Back 52

symport: movement in same direction

antiport: movement in opposite direction

Front 53

list 3 methods of endocytosis

Back 53

phagocytosis: literally means "cell eating"

pinocytosis: literally means "cell drinking"

receptor-mediated endocytosis: occurs when ligand molecules bind to specific receptor proteins in the cell membrane

Front 54

list 8 functions of the liver

Back 54

1. carbohydrate metabolism
2. fat metabolism
3. protein metabolism
4. detoxification
5. storage [vitamins]
6. activate vitamin D so calcium can be absorbed in sm intestine
7. phagocytosis by Kupffer cells
8. synthesize bile

Front 55

list the components of bile

Back 55

bile salts & bile pigments

Front 56

state the function of bile salts

Back 56

emulsify fats

Front 57

list the function of the gallbladder

Back 57

it's a sac that stores bile

Front 58

trace the pathway of bile from the liver to the gallbladder to the duodenum

Back 58

liver
hepatic ducts
common hepatic duct
cystic duct
gallbladder
cystic duct
common bile duct
duodenum

Front 59

what are the effects on the biliary apparatus of the hormone secretin?

Back 59

secretin comes from crypts of Lieberkuhn in small intestine; it stimulates the liver to produce bile

Front 60

what are the effects on the biliary apparatus of the hormone CCK-PZ?

Back 60

CCK-PZ comes from crypts of Lieberkuhn in small intestine; it stimulates the gallbladder to contract

Front 61

state the name of the pouches present in the large intestine

Back 61

haustra

Front 62

list 3 functions associated with the large intestine

Back 62

1. water/electrolyte reabsorption

2. eliminate waste as feces

3. bacteria ferment waste to synthesize vitamins

**no enzyme secretion or digestion happens in large intestine**

Front 63

list the names and locations of the 2 flexures in the color

Back 63

hepatic flexure --- between ascending and transverse colon; located by the liver

splenic flexure --- between transverse and descending colon; located by the spleen

Front 64

list the 2 sphincters located in the anal canal. what kind of muscle is each?

Back 64

internal -- smooth muscle [involuntary]

external -- skeletal muscle [voluntary]