Digestive System 4

Front 1

_______ are mixed, compound tubuloacinar, mostly serous.

Back 1

Submandibular

Front 2

_________have serous, compound acinar. Acini open into intercalated ducts then these into striated ducts then into interlobular.

Back 2

Parotid

Front 3

________ mixed, compound tubuloacinar, mostly mucous. Some serous demilunes present

Back 3

Sublingual

Front 4

__________secrete bicarbonate ions.

Back 4

Intercalated ducts

Front 5

___________reabsorb sodium from the duct lumen, they also secrete potassium and bicarbonate. Also secrete kallikrein

Back 5

Striated ducts

Front 6

Saliva contains__________________

Back 6

glycoproteins, secretory
component of secretory IgA, lactoferrin, lysozyme, thiocyanate calcium, phosphate, and others

Front 7

IgA, lactoferrin, lysozyme, in saliva controls _______ _________

Back 7

bacterial flora

Front 8

Secretion of glands is mainly through___________

Back 8

parasympathetic

Front 9

____________ increases viscosity in glandular secretion.

Back 9

sympathetic

Front 10

__________is both an exocrine and endocrine gland

Back 10

pancreas

Front 11

The _____________ of the pancreas
is a compound tubuloacinar gland, covered with a loose CT capsule which divides it into lobules by branching into partitions or septa

Back 11

exocrine portion

Front 12

____________ is main excretory duct and is lined by columnar epithelium with goblet cells and endocrine cells present.

Back 12

Pancreatic duct or duct of Wirsung

Front 13

There are no___________ in the pancrease which distinguishes it from the salivary glands!!!!

Back 13

striated ducts

Front 14

The initial portion of intercalated ducts(elined by low cuboidal
to cuboidal cells) penetrates the acini and are made up of pale cells with spherical nuclei known as the These cells are found only near the acinus, and are a histologic characteristic of the pancreas.

Back 14

centroacinar cells

Front 15

Secretions of the pancreatic acinar cells include_______,_______,_______,and ___________.

Back 15

H20, ions, proenzymes (zymogens), and enzymes.

Front 16

Most of the enzymes secreted in pancreas are in a_________ form

Back 16

proenzyme

Front 17

Some of the proenzymes in the pancreas include______

Back 17

trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, carboxypeptidases A & B)

Front 18

Some of the enzymes of the pancreas include include _______,________,_______ and ________.

Back 18

lipase, amylase, DNAase, and RNAase.

Front 19

Stimulation for secretion in pancreas is the__________ and two hormones, secretin and cholecystokinin, from enteroendocrine cells of the duodenum.

Back 19

vagus

Front 20

_________________secrete bicarbonate ions which neutralizes the acidic chyme entering the duodenum, so that the pancreatic enzymes can become active.

Back 20

centroacinar cells

Front 21

___________causes centroacinar cells to secrete HCO3-

Back 21

Secretin

Front 22

_________ causes acinar cells to release zymogen granules( proenzymes(trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, carboxypeptidases A & B)

Back 22

cholecystokinin(CCK

Front 23

___________is the second largest organ and the largest gland composed of
four lobes. As a gland it mostly produces changes in the blood or processes the blood; rather than secretes

Back 23

liver

Front 24

The exocrine product of the liver is ____________

Back 24

bile

Front 25

The liver is considered to be an __________ gland since it does release products directly into the blood; however, NO hormones are produced.

Back 25

endocrine

Front 26

In the liver _________ are arranged in lines or cords from
periphery to the central vein and represent the secretory portion of the gland.

Back 26

Hepatocytes

Front 27

________are the capillaries between the plates or cords of cells

Back 27

Sinusoids

Front 28

_________is a tubular space formed by the abutting of two hepatocytes. They form a complex, anastomosing network through hepatic plates to collect bile secreted by the hepatocyte.

Back 28

Bile Canaliculus

Front 29

Bile flows in an ___________ direction to the blood.

Back 29

opposite

Front 30

_________________convey blood from the distributing vein and hepatic
artery to the central vein. They are lined by a discontinuous endothelium with fenestrae.

Back 30

Hepatic Sinusoids

Front 31

Endothelial cells are separated from underlying hepatocytes by the _________ which is virtually collagen and basal lamina free, but does contain some reticular fibers.

Back 31

space of Disse,

Front 32

Sinusoids contain a phagocytic cell known as ____________, This cell is interposed between endothelial cells and can be distinguished from the endothelial cells by its triangular or polyhedral shape, prominent nucleus, and phagosomes.

Back 32

Kupffer cell.

Front 33

________________ are cells of mesenchymal origin and our primary storage sites for vitamin A. They are involved in storage and release of retinoids (forms of vit A), production of ECM, and regulation of blood flow in the sinusoid.

Back 33

hepatic stellate cell (formerly Ito cell

Front 34

In a pathologic condition such as chronic inflammation, these hepatic stellate cells lose their lipid storage capability and change into___________/__________ The deposition of extra collagen (I & III) and ECM increases, leading to increasing fibrosis, typical of cirrhosis.

Back 34

collagen/ECM producing cells

Front 35

___________also convert to myofibroblasts, constrict the sinusoids, and further increase vascular resistance. This increase in resistance to the flow of portal venous blood in the hepatic sinusoids leads to portal hypertension.

Back 35

Stellate cells

Front 36

Functions of Liver include :

Back 36

1.Bile production – an exocrine function of the liver, emulsifies fat
2.Glucose Metabolism – phosphorylates glucose, stores in form of glycogen, performs glycogenolysis
3.Storage, metabolism, and homeostasis of iron; hemochromatosis – a form of liver
damage characterized by excessive amount of hemosiderin or iron overload in hepatocytes
4.Gluconeogenesis - conversion of fats and CH2O to glucose
5.Deamination of amino acids
6.Synthesis of plasma proteins, i.e. fibrinogen, prothrombin, albumin, and lipoproteins
7.Vitamin storage or modification – Vitamins A, D, and K
8.Detoxification of a number of lipid soluble drugs, alcohol, and toxins
9.Hemopoiesis in fetus and newborn
10.Produces urea from ammonium ions from protein and nucleic acid degradation
11. Modifies hormones – thyroxine is converted to triiodothyronine, degrades insulin and glucagaon

Front 37

What is kallikrein-what does it do?

Back 37

serine protease that modifies cystatins and histatins (anti microbe) Thus salive becomes hypotonic

Front 38

What duct transports saliva?

Back 38

intralobular

Front 39

a peptidase that can liberate bradykinin (vasodilator) and generate plasmin to eventually form fibrin.

Back 39

kallikreins-15 different kinds