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115 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A collapsed, muscular tube involved in deglutition & peristalsis
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esophagus
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Coiled tube attached to the cecum
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appendix
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Contains Brunner's glands in the submucosa.
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duodenum
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Produces & secretes bile.
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liver
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Contains Peyer's patches in the submucosa.
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ileum
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Responsible for ingestion, mastication, & deglutition.
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mouth
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Responsible for churning, peristalsis, storage, & chemical digestion with the enzyme pepsin.
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stomach
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Storage area for bile
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gall bladder
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Contain acini that release juices containing several digestive enzymes
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pancreas
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Passageway for food, fluid, & air; involved in deglutition.
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pharynx
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Forms a semi-solid waste material through haustral churning & peristalsis
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colon
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An activating brush-border enzyme that splits off part of the trypsinogen molecule to form trypsin, a protease
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enterokinase
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An enzyme that initiates carbohydrate digestion in the mouth
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salivary amylase
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The principal triglyceride-digesting enzyme in adults.
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pancreatic lipase
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Stimulates growth of gastic glands & secretion by chief cells in the stomach: a proteolyic enzyme.
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pepsin
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Stimulates the flow of pancreatic juice rich in bicarbonates; decreases gastric secretions.
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secretin
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A nonenzymatic fat-emulsifying agent
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bile
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Causes contraction of the gall blader & stimulates the production of pancreatic juice rich in digestive enzymes.
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cholecystokinin
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Inhibits gastrin release.
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somatostatin
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Stimulates secretion of ions & water by the intestines & inhibits gastric acid secretion.
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vasoactive intestinal polypeptide
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Microvilli of the small intestine that increase surface area for absorption; also contains some digestive enzymes.
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brush border
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Finger-like porjections of the mucosa of the small intestine that increase surface area.
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villi
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Produce hydrochloric acid in the stomach.
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parietal cells
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Secrete lysosome; help regulate microbial population in the intestines.
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Paneth cells
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Forces the food to the back of the mouth for swallowing, places food in contact with the teeth.
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tongue
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Aids in limiting the movement of the tongue posteriorly.
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lingual frenulum
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Produce a fluid in the mouth that helps cleanse the mouth & teeth & lubricates, dissolves, & begins the chemical breakdown of food.
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salivary glands
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Large mucosal folds in the stomach.
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rugae
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Secrete pepsinogen & gastric lipase in the stomach.
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chief cells
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Permanent ridges in the mucosa of the small intestine; enhance absorption by increasing surface area & causing chyme to spiral rather than move in a straight line.
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circular folds
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Stellate reticuloendothelial cells of the liver; destroy worn-out leukocytes & red-blood cells, bacteria, & other foreign matter in the blood draining the GI tract.
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Kupffer cells
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Inflammation of the appendix; preceeded by obstruction of the lumen of the appendix by chyme, inflammation, a foreign body, a carcinoma of the cecum, stenosis, or kinking of the organ.
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appendicitis
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failure of the mucosal cells of the small intestine to produce enough lactase resulting in this condition in which undigested lactose in chyme retains fluid in the feces, & bacterial fermentation of lactose results in the production of gases.
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lactose intolerance
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condition in which bile contains either insufficient bile salts or lecithin or excessive cholesterol; cholesterol crystalizes.
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gall stones
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Inflammation of the pancreas, as may occur in association with alcohol abuse or chronic gall stones
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pancreatitis
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The forcible expulsion of the content of the upper GI tract (stomach & sometimes duodenum) through the mouth.
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vomiting
emesis |
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In infants, condition in which the muscle fibers of the pyloric sphinter fail to relax normally, so food does not pass easily from the stomach to the small intestine.
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pylorospasm
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In infants, condition in which there is a narrowing of the pyloric sphincter. This must be corrected surgically. (projectile vomiting)
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pyloric stenosis
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A yellowish coloration of the sclera, skin, & mucous membranes due to a buildup of a yellow compound called bilirubin.
3 types: prehepatic, hepatic, & extrahepatic |
jaundice
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Term referring to blood that is hidden; undetectable by the human eye. Usually check feces & urine, screening for colorectal cancer.
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occult blood
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attack on salivary glands (usually parotid) by the myxovirus. Inflammation & enlargement of the parotid glands.
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mumps
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Result of chewing: a soft flexible, easily swallowed mass of food.
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bolus
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Alternate words for chewing & swallowing
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mastication
& deglutition |
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Teeth that begin to errupt at about 6 months of age; 1 pair appearing at about 1 month intervals thereafter until all 20 of them appear.
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deciduous teeth
baby teeth milk teeth primary teeth |
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Replace deciduous teeth (lost from 6 to 12 years); Appear generally between the ages of 6 & adulthood . There are 32 of them
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Permanent Teeth
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The breakdown of large lipid globules into a suspension of droplets. Bile salts do this.
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emulsification
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A yellowish, brownish, or olive-green liquid (pH 7.6-8.6) that consists mostly of water & bile acids, bile salts, cholesterol, a phospholipid called lecithin, bile pigments, & several ions. Partially an excretory product & partially a digestive secretion.
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bile
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Principal bile pigment
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conjugated bilirubin
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Cells that secrete pepsinogen
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chief cells
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Result of cell activity: pepsin, the activated form, breaks certain peptide bonds in proteins.
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chief cells
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Secrete gastric lipase
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chief cells
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Result of cell activity: Splits short-chain triglycerides into fatty acids & monoglycerides.
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chief cells - secreting gastric lipase
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Kills microbes in food; denatures proteins; converts pepsinogen into pepsin.
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hyydrocloric acid
(from parietal cells) |
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Secrete hydrochloric acid
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parietal cells
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Needed for absorption of vitamen B12, which is used in RBC formation (erythropoesis)
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intrinsic factor
(from parietal cells) |
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Secrete intrinsic factor
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parietal cells
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Forms a protective barrier that prevents digestion of stomach wall.
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mucous
(from surface mucous cells & mucous neck cells) |
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Secrete mucus
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surface mucous cells
& neck mucous cells |
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Stimulates parietal cells to secrete HCl & chief cells to secrete pepsinogen; contracts lower esophageal sphincter, increases motility of the stomach, & relaxes pyloric sphincter.
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gastrin
(from G cells) |
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Secrete gastrin
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G cells
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Macerate food & mix it with gastric juice, forming chyme
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mixing waves
(created by muscularis) |
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Mixing waves
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muscularis
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Forces chyme through the pyloric sphincter.
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peristalsis
(from muscularis) |
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Peristalsis in the stomach
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muscularis
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Regulates passage of chyme from stomach to duodenum; prevents backflow of chyme from duodenum to stomach.
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pyloric sphincter.
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Opens to permit passage of shyme inot the duodenum
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pyloric sphincter
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Distention of stomach, partially digested proteins & caffien in stomach, & high pH of stomach chyme stimulate secretion of this hormone by enteroendocrine G cells located mainly in the mucosa of pyloric antrum of stomach.
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gastrin
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Hormone Major effects: Promotes secretion of gastric juice, increases gastric motility, & promotes growth of gastric mucosa.
Minor effects: Constricts lower esophageal sphincter; relaxes pyloric sphincter & ileocecal sphincter. |
gastrin
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Acidic (high H+ level) chyme that enters the small intestine stimulates secretion of this hormone by enteroendocrine S cells in the mucosa of the duodenum.
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secretin
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Major hormonal effects: Stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice & bile that are rich in bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)
Minor effects: Inhibits secretion of gastric juice, promotes normal growth & maintenance of the pancreas, & enhances effect of CCK |
secretin
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Partially digested proteins (amino acids), triglycerides, & fatty acids that enter the small intestine stimulate secretion of this hormone by enteroendocrine (named for this hormone) cells in the mucosa of the small intestine; it is also released in the brain
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Cholecystokinin
CCK |
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Major Hormonal effects: Stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice rich in digestive enzymes, causes ejection of bile from the gall bladder & opening of the sphincter of the hepatopancreatic ampulla (sphincter of Oddi), & induces satiety (feeling full to satisfaction).
Minor effects: Inhibits gastric emptying , promotes normal growth & maintenance of the pancreas, & enhances effects secretin |
cholecystokinin
CCK |
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Delivers its juice into the duodenum via the its duct.
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pancreas
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Produces bile (bile salts) necessary for emulsification & absorption of lipids
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liver
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Stores, concentrates, & delivers bile into the duodenum via the common bile duct.
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gall bladder
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Major site of digestion & absorption of nutrients & water in the GI tract.
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small intestine
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Secrete intestinal juice
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mucosa/submucosa
intestinal glands |
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Secrete alkaline fluid to buffer stomach acids, & mucus for protection & lubrication.
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duodenal glands
(Brunner's glands) |
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Microscopic, membrane-covered projections of epithelial cells that contain brush-border enzymes & that increase the surface area for digestion & absorption.
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microvilli
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Finger-like projections of mucosa that are the sites of absorbtion of digested food & that increase the surface area for digestion & absorption.
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villi
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Folds of mucosa & submucosa that increase the surface area for digestion & absorption.
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circular folds
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Consists of alternating contractions of circular smooth muscle fibers that produce segmentation & resegmentation of sections of the small intestine; mixes chyme with digestive juices & brings food into contact with the mucosa for absorption.
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muscularis segmentation
a type of peristalsis |
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A type of peristalsis consisting of waves of contraction & relaxation of circular & longitudinal smooth muscle fibers passing the length of the small intestine; moves chyme toward ileocecal sphincter.
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muscularis: migrating motility complex
(MMC) |
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Functions of tongue, salivary glands, & teeth - all of which are here. Additionally, the lips & cheeks keep food between the teeth during mastication, & buccal glands lining this produce saliva.
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mouth
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Maneuvers food for mastication, shapes food into a bolus, maneuvers food for deglutition, detects taste & touch sensations, & initiates digestion of triglycerides.
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tongue
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secrete fluid that softens, moistens, & disso.ves food; cleanses mouth & teeth; & initiates the digestion of starch.
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Salivary glands
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Cut, tear, & pulverize food to reduce solids to smaller particles for swallowing.
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teeth
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Receives a bolus from the oral cavity and passes it into the esophagus
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pharynx
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Receives a bolus from the pharynx & moves it into the stomach. This requires relaxation of the upper esophageal sphincter & secretion of mucus
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esophagus
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Mixing waves macerate food, mix it with secretions of gastric glands (gastric juics), & reduce food to chyme. Gastric juice activates pepsin & kills many microbes in food. Intrinsic factor aids absorption of B12. Serves as a reservoir for food before releasing it into the small intestine.
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stomach
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Juice from this organ buffers acidic gastric juice in chyme (creating propper pH for digestion in the small intestine), stops the action of pepsin from the stomach, & containes enzymes that digest carbohydrates, proteins, triglycerides, & nucleic acids.
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pancreas
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Produces bile, which is needed for amulsification of lipids in the small intestine
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liver
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Stores & concentrates bile * releases it into the small intestine.
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gall bladder
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Segmentations mix chyme with digestive juices; migrating motility complexes propel chyme toward the ileocecal sphincter; digestive secretions from this + pancreas & liver complete the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, & nucleic acids; circular folds, villi, & micovilli increase surface area for absorption : site where 90% of nutrients & water are absorbed
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small intestine
( duodenum jejunum ileum ) |
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Haustral churning, peristalsis, & mass peristalsis drive the contents of the colon into the rectum; bacteria produces some B vitamens & vitamin K; absorption of some water, ions, & vitamens, defecation.
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large intestine
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3 Phases of Gastric Secretion & Motility
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1. Cephalic phase
2. Gastric phase 3. Intestinal phase |
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reflexes initiated by sensory receptors in the head
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cephalic phase of
gastric secretion & motility |
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Once food reaches the stomach, sensory receptors in the stomach initiate both neural & hormonal mechanisms to ensure that gastric secretion & motiliy continue.
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gastric phase of
gastric digestion |
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activation of receptors in the small intestine begins this phase
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intestinal phase
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Painful ulcer on the mucous membrane of the mouth that affects females more than males, usually between the ages of 10 & 40. It may be an auto-immune reaction or a food allergy.
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Canker Sore
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In some cases, an auto-immune inflammation of the gall bladder; other cases are caused by obstruction of the cystic duct by bile stones
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Cholecystitis
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Distorted or scarred liver as a result of chronic inflammation due to hepatitis, chemicals that destroy hepatocytes, parasites that infect the liver, or alcoholism; the hepatocytes are replaced by fibrous or adipose connective tissue.
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Cirrhosis
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Difficulty in swallowing that may be caused by inflammation , paralysis, obstruction , or trauma
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Dysphagia
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AN inflammation of the intestine, particularly the small intestine
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enteritis
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Air (gas) in the stomach or intestine, usually expelled through thte anus. If the gas is expelled through the mouth it is called eruction or belching.
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Flatus
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Protrusion of all or part of an organ through a membrane or cavity wall, usually the abdominal cavity
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Hernia
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Varicose veins in the rectum
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hemorrhoids
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Inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract that exists in 2 forms: Crohn's disease (inflammation of any part of the GI tract) & Ulcerative colitis
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease
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Diseases of the entire gastrointestinal tract in which a person reacts to stress by developing symptoms associated with alternating patterns of diarrhea & constipation.
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Irritable Bowel Syndrome
(IBS) |
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Gradual demineralization of the enamel & dentin.
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Dental Caries
(Tooth Decay) |
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Collective term for a variety of conditions characterized by inflammation & degeneration of the gingivae, alveolar bone, periodontal ligament, & cementum.
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Periodontal Disease
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Crater-like lesion that develops in areas of the GI tract exposed to acidic gastric juice. 5-10% of US population develop these. Bacteria - Helicobacter Pylori.
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Peptic Ulcer
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1. Disease in which sac-like outpouchings of the wall of the colon that occur in places where the muscularis has weakened.
2. Add inflammation (10 to 25% end up here) |
Diverticulosis
Diverticulitis |
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Ranks 2nd to lung cancer in males and third after lung cancer & breast cancer in females
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Colorectal Cancer
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An inflammation of the liver that can be caused by viruses, drugs, & chemicals, including alcohol.
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Hepatitis
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