Digestive Histo Ii

Front 1

What are the four principle layers of the digestive tract?

Back 1

1. Mucosa
2. Submucosa
3. muscularis
4. Serosa/adventitia

Front 2

What are the 4 components of the mucosa?

Back 2

epithelium, basement membrane, lamina propria (glands, loose CT), muscularis mucosa (produces folds rugae/plica circularis)

Front 3

In the submucosa:
1. what is the CT
2. What might be present
3. What cell type composes the submucosal (Meissner's) nervous plexus?

Back 3

1. dense irregular CT
2. glands and lymphoid tissue
3. clusters of parasympathetic ganglion cells which give rise to postganglionic fibers

Front 4

In the muscularis:
1. what is the m. type
2. How are the layers arranged
3. How is the stomach an exception
4. What does muscularis thicken to form?
5. What is the Myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus?

Back 4

1. smooth m.
2. inner circular layer, and outer longitudinal layer
3. it has 3 layers (instead of 2), extra layer is inner oblique
4. sphincters
5. between 2 m. sublayers, clusters of parasympathetic ganglion cells whose postganglionic fibers supply surrounding smooth m.

Front 5

What does circular smooth m. do in the gut? Longitudinal? What nerve plexus assists in peristalsis?

Back 5

1- compresses food
2. moves food down the gut
3. Myenteric plexus (Auerbach's)

Front 6

What is serosa lined by? What type of CT and other connective tissue is found in this layer?

Back 6

Mesothelium - simple squamous epithelium.
Has loose CT, adipose tissue,

Front 7

For enteroendocrine cells of GI, what is the location, hormone, action of:
1. X/A-like cells
2. G cells
3. S cells
4. K cells

Back 7

1. stomach, Ghrelin, increase sense of hunger
2. Pylorus, gastrin, stimulation of gastric acid secretion
3. Small intestine, secretin, pancreatic and biliary bicarbonate and water secretion
4. small intestine, Gastric inhibitory peptide, inhibition of gastric acid secretion

Front 8

For enteroendocrine cells of GI, what is the location, hormone, action of:
1. L cells
2. I cells
3. D cells

Back 8

1. small intestine, GLP-1, decrease sense of hunger
2. small intestine, cholecystokinin, pancreatic enzyme secretion gallbladder contraction
3. pylorus, duodenum; somatostatin; local inhibition of other endocrine cells

Front 9

For enteroendocrine cells of GI, what is the location, hormone, action of:
1. Mo cells
2. EC cells
3. D1 cells

Back 9

1. small intestine; motilin, increase gut motility
2. digestive tract; serotonin, substance P, increase gut motility
3. Digestive tract; vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP); ion and water gut motility secretion, increased

Front 10

What is the embryo. origin of the DNES?

Back 10

neural crest cells

Front 11

What are the two major types of lymphoid tissue in the gut?

Back 11

MALT - mucous associated lymph tissue
GALT - gut associated

Front 12

What provides extrinsic gut motility control?

Back 12

parasymp: vagus n (X), pelvic splanchnic n (S2-4)
Symp: T5-L1

Front 13

What does the enteric plexus of the gut innervate, will it fxn w/o CNS? What are 2 named plexi in it and what are their fxns?

Back 13

Innervates smooth m. of alimentary canal. will fxn w/o cns

Submucosal (Meissner) - regulates secretion, blood flow, absorption
Myenteric (Auerbach) plexus- coordinate motility along lenght of gut wall

Front 14

Congenital absence of part of the gut nerve plexus leads to what?

Back 14

Hirschsprung disease- due to arrest in neural crest migration

Front 15

Where are stem cells located in the gut?

Back 15

stratum basal in esophagus
neck region of gastric glands
base of glands in small and large intestines

Front 16

What is the meaning of a squamo-columnar jxn?

Back 16

abrupt transition from one epithelial form to another epithelium

Front 17

What is effected in the absence of Meissner's submucosal and auerbach myenteric plexus in distal intestinal segment?
Symptoms?

Back 17

always rectum, usually sigmoid colon
symptoms: absent coordinated peristaltic contractions, fxnl intestinal obstruction

Front 18

In the esophagus:
1. what glands are in lamina propria?
2. How does muscularis mucosa change from oral cavity to stomach?
3. transition of muscularis externa
4. What is present below the diaphragm?

Back 18

1. esophageal cardiac glands (near stomach, protect from acid)
2. becomes more dense toward the stomach
3. from skeletal to smooth m.
4. adventitia and serosa

Front 19

What is the gastroesophageal jxn?

Back 19

transition from stratified squamous epithelium to tightly packed glandular secretory mucosa (simple columnar epithelium)

Front 20

In the stomach, what are:
1. rugae
2. where are glands best developed
3. 3 layers of the muscularis externa
4. which layer thickens to form pyloric sphincter

Back 20

1. folds of mucosa and submucosa
2. fundus and body
3. inner oblique, middle circular, outer longitudinal
4. middle circular

Front 21

For cardiac glands:
1. How are gastric pits
2. shape
3. appearance

Back 21

1. deep
2. simple/branched
3. disorganized

Front 22

For fundic/body glands:
1. How are gastric pits
2. shape
3. What secretions & cell types
4. What does the DNES do?

Back 22

1. short
2. long tubular branched
3. Parietal cells (H+ and Cl-, intrinsic factor)...Chief cells (secrete zymogens; pepsinogens)
4. 5HT/serotonin

Front 23

in the fundic gastric pits where are chief cells located, and what do they look like? Parietal cells?

Back 23

Chief cells - base of the gland, basophyllic cytoplasm
Parietal cells - neck, eosinophyllic cytoplasm

Front 24

What is intrinsic factor secreted by, and what is it important for?

Back 24

secreted by parietal cells, binds vitamin B12, allows ileum to absorb vitamin B12, which helps form RBCs

Front 25

What is the fxn of a mucus neck cell?

Back 25

Secretes material that protects the cells deeper in the pit

Front 26

In the pyloric gland, what is the main type of cell, and what type of DNES cells are present?

Back 26

mucous mainly, G&D cells from DNES

Front 27

pull slide titled gastric cells from the lecture

Be able to tell apart portions of stomach

Back 27

....

Front 28

What is gastritis? what is it caused by?

Back 28

1. inflammation of stomach mucosal lining
2. alcohol, non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs, bacterial infection

Front 29

What is pernicious anemia caused by?

Back 29

vitamin B12 deficiency anemia due to impaired absorption of vitamin B12 by GI tract. caused by autoimmune gastritis and failure of gastric parietal cells to produce intrinsic factor

Front 30

What in particular is vitamin B12 required to synthesize?

What is adult form of pernicious anemia assoicated with?

Back 30

Thymidine

severe gastric atrophy

Front 31

in pernicious anemia, what is defective nuclear maturation of RBC cells due to?

Back 31

inadequate DNA synthesis

Front 32

What do glands in the small intestine do? and what specializations increase surface area?

Back 32

1. neutralize stomach contents
2. plicae circulares, villi, microvilli

Front 33

What forms the core of microvilli?

Back 33

lamina propria (loose CT)

Front 34

In the small intestine what is:
1. a lacteal?
2. what are glands ka?
3. What cell types do glands contain?
4. What layer is all this in?

Back 34

1. lymphatic vessel
2. intestinal crypts of Lieberkuhn
3. enteroendocrine cells, paneth cells (innate imunity; secrete lysozymes), stem cells at base
4. Lamina propria

Front 35

Does muscularis mucosa extend into the villi?

Back 35

no

Front 36

What layer and part of the small intestine has Brunner's glands, and what do the glands do?

Back 36

1. Duodenum, submucosa
2. alkaline secretion to neutralize contents emerging from stomach

Front 37

Which part of the small intestine has adventitia? the rest has what?

Back 37

Posterior portion of the duodenum, rest has serosa

Front 38

What stain allows visualization of enteroendocrine cells?

Back 38

Fontanna Mason stain

Front 39

Compare jejunum to duodenum in mucosa, submucosa.

Back 39

Jejunum has more goblet cells
Jejunum lacks Brunner's glands and has plicae circularis

Front 40

Which part of the small intestine has the highest density of microfold cells?

Back 40

Ileum

Front 41

Where are Peyer's patches located?

Back 41

In the lamina propria of ileum

Front 42

What is produced in the germinal center of B cells (or in peyer's patches)?

Back 42

Secretory immunoglobulin A
sIgA

Front 43

1. How does malabsorption syndrome present?
2. what is it characterized by
3. hallmark?

Back 43

1. chronic diarrhea
2. defective absorption of fats, fat-& water-soluble vitamins, proteins, carbs, electrolytes, minerals water
3. steatorrhea- excessive fecal fat and bulky, frothy, greasy yellow, or clay colored stools

Front 44

Where are crypts of lieberkuhn found? and in what layer?

Back 44

Cecum, colon, rectum
Lamina propria

Front 45

In the large intestine, how is the muscularis externa arranged?

Back 45

inner circular layer
Outer strips ka teniae coli

Front 46

What does the large intestine absorb?

Back 46

water and electrolytes

Front 47

What is unique about the appendix?

Back 47

large lymph nodules, detritus filled lumen, no teniae coli

Front 48

In the recto-anal jxn how does epithelium change? What is another name for the jxn?

Back 48

1. simple columnar to stratified squamous epithelium
2. pectinate line

Front 49

What type of epithelium is in the rectal columns of Morgagni?

Back 49

simple columnar

Front 50

In the recto-anal jxn:
1. What is the large venous plexus called?
2. what type of sweat glands
3. has hair follicles, sebaceous glands so what layer is this?

Back 50

1. hemorrhoidal plexus
2. apocrine sweat glands (merocrine)
3. lamina propria

Front 51

For the recto-anal jxn muscularis externa:
1. what does the inner circular layer thicken to form
2. what type of m forms the external anal spincheter?

Back 51

1. internal anal sphincter
2. skeletal m.

Front 52

In the esophagus:
1. what type of epithelium is present
2. How does muscularis externa change from upper to lower
3. How does serosa/adventitia change from upper to lower?

Back 52

1. nonkeratinized strat. squam.
2. skeletal (upper) -> smooth
3. aventitia (upper) -> serosa (lower)

Front 53

In the stomach, what is the:
1. epithelium type

Back 53

simple columnar

Front 54

In the Duodenum, what is the:
1. epithelium type
2. structures in lamina propria
3. glands in the submucosa
4. Serosa or adventitia present?

Back 54

1. simple columnar
2. Lacteals
3. Brunner's glands
4. both

Front 55

In the Jejunum, what is the :
1. epithelium type
2. serosa or adventitia?

Back 55

1. simple columnar
2. serosa

Front 56

In the ileum, what is the:
1. epithelium type
2. lymph tissue found in the lamina propria
3. serosa or adventitia?

Back 56

1. simple columnar
2. Peyer's patches
3. Serosa

Front 57

In the large intestine; what is the:
1. epithelium type
2. muscularis mucosae
3. adventita or serosa present?

Back 57

1. simple columnar
2. taenia coli & circular layer
3. adventitia/serosa (colon); adventitia (rectum)

Front 58

In the appendix, what is the:
1. epithelium
2. lymph in the lamina propria
3. serosa/adventitia?

Back 58

1. simple columnar
2. GALT - Gut
3. Serosa

Front 59

In the anus, what is the
1. epithelium
2. 3 structures in lamina propria
3. serosa/adventitia?

Back 59

1. transition to keratinized stratefied squamous
2. occasional lymph, appocrine and eccrine sweat glands
3. adventitia