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146 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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when does the digestive system start
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when you become aware of the aroma or when yuou see a food you know will taste good
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what happens just by smelling
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you begin to salivate
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as a result of the reactions you
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feel hungry
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how long does it take for your digestive system to do its job
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20 hours
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food is changed to what
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substances your body uses for energy and survival
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what forms the digestive organs
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smooth muscle
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what does the blood do
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ditributes nutrients carbs proteins fats vitamins and minerals through intestines to body
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what is the tube-type digestive system
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enters mouth passes long tube exits through anus****
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each animal's digestive tract is
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specially tailored to break down the kinds of foods it eats
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food is the body's
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fuel****
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nutrients&**** provide the body with
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energy repairs itself
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how does food change
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into a form body can absorb into bloodstream and use
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protein
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amino acids****
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starches
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simple sugars
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fats
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fatty acids and glycerol
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unusable parts of food will
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be passed out of body as waste****
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digestive system breaks down food into
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nutrients cells**** can use
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how healthy our diet is as well as exercise and reponsible lifestyle choices determines
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how well our machine runs and how good we feel
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amyl/o ***
append/o bucc/o chol/o |
starch
appendix cheek bile |
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lingu/o
stomat/o **** -emesis -ase |
tongue
mouth vomit enzyme |
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digestive tract referred to as
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gastrointestinal tract*****
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adult digestive tract is
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about 30 feet long
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food is broken down into
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microscopic particles or molecules
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separated by
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successive digestive organs into nutrients and waste matter
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nutrients are passed through
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channels in digestive system's intestinal wall to blood stream
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bloodstream distributes nutrients to
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nourish every cell within body
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digestive system consists of
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individual organs that perform different functions
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digestive tract begins with
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alimentary canal
long tube of muscle tissue and blood vessels runs from mouth down into stomach |
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process of digestion ends at
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anus waste matter exits
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saliva does what
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moistens food for easy swallowing
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what is Amylase
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found in saliva breaks down carbs *******found in food before it leaves mouth
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muscular tube in throat called
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esophagus
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stomach
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pouch-like organ located in upper middle of abdomen
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stomach stores
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food mixing it with acids and enzymes
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adult stomach hass a volume of
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one fifth of a cup but it can expand to hold more than 8 cups of food
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stomach empties into
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small intestine digests food chemically so it can be absorbe into bloodstream
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small intestine made up of
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duodenum C-shaped
jejunum coinling midsection ileum final section leads into large intestine |
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inner wall of small intestine is covered with
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microssscopic fingerlike projections called VILLI
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liver beneath ribcage right upper part of abdomen
gallbladder hidden just below liver pancreas beneath stomach |
produce enzymes***** and substances travel via special ducts directly to small intestine to aid in digestion
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liver plays major role in
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utilization of nutrients when they arrive in blood from small intestine
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large intestine is made up of
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3 parts
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what are they
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cecum small sac-like section of bowel at end appendix hangs
colon extends from cemum up right side of abdomen across upper abdomen down left side of ab connecting to rectum terminates at anus |
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cecum and colon are
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about 5 feet long
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rectum
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5 inches long
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waste products move along length of large intestine water**** is
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removed
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final products solid waste called
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feces***
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rectum stores
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feces until body is ready to eliminate it
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salivary glands
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locatged under tongue and lower jaw
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flow of saliva set in motion
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by brain reflex
brain sends impulses through nerves that control salivary glands |
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sharp-edged teeth
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chop and tear food
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flatter molars
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grind it up
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chewing begins mechanical process
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of breaking down meal
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as we chew
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saliva softens and moistens food
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enzymes in saliva
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break starches into simpler sugars
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swaqllowing
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voluntary coordinated muscle movement
passes food into throat or pharynx |
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pharynx
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shared passageway for food and air *******
5 inches long |
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epiglottis
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reflexively closes windpipe while food is being swallowed
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food then travels into
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esophagus
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peristalsis******
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waves of contractions
force food down through muscular tube to stomach involuntary muscular action controlled by nervous system |
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at end of esophagus muscular valve called
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sphincter allows food to enter stomach
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water salt sugars and alcohol absorbed directly through
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stomach wall
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peristalsis in stomach
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churns food back and forth mixing it with mucus and gastric juices
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gastric juices contain
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enzymes and hydrocchloric acid acidic environment necesssary for stomach digestion
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gastric glands in stomach lining produce 3 quarts per day of
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digestive juices
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food ready to leave stomach called
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chyme thick liquid
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small muscle outlet of stomach called
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pylorus keeps chyme in stomach until right consistency pass into small intestine
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chyme squirted down into duodenum of small intestine by
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action of peristalsis
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majority of nutritional absorption occurs in
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small intestine
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pancreas and liver connect with small intestine send secretions called
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pancreatic *******juice contains enzymes help digest carbs proteins and fats and bile
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bile
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breaks down and aid in absorption of fat
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bile produced in liver stored in
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gallbladder sent to small intestine through bile dukct
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pancreas contributes
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sodium bicarbonate ****** salt neutralizewes stomach acid
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amylase
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breaks down carbs into sugars
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lipase with bile breaks down
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fats into fatty acids and glycerol
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trypsin
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breaks down proteins into amino acids
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once broken down dissolved and absorbed directly into
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bloodstream through walls of small intestine
along with vitamins and minerals |
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process of breaking down food and absorbed into bloodstream called
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absorption
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work of digestion almost finished when
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food reaches large intestine
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large intestine's main function is to
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remove water from undigested matter and form feces to be eliminated
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contents of small intestine enter
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cecum first part of large intestine
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cecum passes contents to
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colon comprises majority of large intestine
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fluids and salts absorbed in
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ascending colon******
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transverse colon removes
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more water
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descending colon******
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holds resulting waste
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bacteria in colon aid digestion
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of remaining food products
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final waste product
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feces
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feces stored in
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rectum
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exits body through
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sphincter at anus
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inflammatory bowel disease
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cause significant discomfort and harm to gi tract chronic condition
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difficulty in swallowing
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dysphagia
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dysphagia
difficulty passing food from mouth to stomach |
common all age groups especially elderly
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dysphagia may be caused by
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tumor or progressive neurological disorder
see an otolaryngologist head and neck surgeon |
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process of swallowing has
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four stages
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stage 1***
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oral preparation
food or liquid manipulated and chewed inpreparation for swallowing |
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stage 2
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during oral stage tongue propels food or liquid to back of mouth starting sswallowing response
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stage 3****
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pharyngeal stage
food or liquid is quickly passed through pharynx canal that connects mouth with esophagus into esophagus or swallowing tube |
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stage 4***
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esophageal stage food or liquid passes through esophagus into stomach
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first and second stages have
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some voluntary control
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stages 3 and 4
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occur by themselves without conscious input
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common causes of dysphagia
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gastroesophageal reflux (stomach acid moves up esophagus to pharynx
poor teeth illfitting dentures common cold stroke progressive neurologic disorder tracheostomy tube paralyzed unmoving vocal cord tumor surgery |
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congentital malformations of esophagus
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tracheoesophagel fistula **** abnormal connection between esophagus and trachea
esophageal atresia esophagus dead end no connecting to stomach detected soon after birth requires surgical repair |
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noncongenital disorders of esophagus
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esophagitis ****** inflammation of esophagus infection meds caused by gastroesophageal reflux disease GERD weakening of lower esophageal sphincter allows acidic contents of stomach to reflux up into esophagus
result inflammation and tissue damage of esophagus |
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anal atresia****
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absense or abnormal positioning of anal opening VATER syndrome congenital vertebral anal tracheal esophageal limb heart and kidney abnormalities
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intestinal malrotation****
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small intestine abnormally rotates during fetal devel. may kink or completely twist volvulus bowel obstructed blood supply to intestine is cut off surgery swe bowel down
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pyloric stenosis
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pylorus muscle controlling movement of food out of stomach and into small intestines is thickened food prevented from exiting stomach projectile vomiting limited bowel movements dehydration boys more not at birth 3 weeks of age surgery
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gastrointestinal infections
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common in children viruses enterovirus rotavirus bacteria salmonella shigella campylobacter E. coli parasites vomiting diarrhea
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diarrhea
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stools loose and watery muscle contractions move contents too quickly not enough time for water to be absorbed more than 2 days lose salt and water dehydrated bacterial vbiral infections food poisoning lactose intol stress contamin water
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appendicitis
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inflammation of appendix appendage of colon lower right side of abdomen abdominal pain fever ****vomiting 7% us pop 11-20yrs most common
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intussusception
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part of intesstine slides into next section intestinal obstruction cutting off blood supply to bowel abdominal pain vomiting lethargy currant jelly stool younger than 2yrs enema radiologist or surgery
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gastritis peptic ulcers
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peptic ulcer in esophagus stomach or duodenum
gastric ulcer in stomach****** all are irritation of mucous membrane of gi tract from hyposecretion of hydrochloric acid and pepsin digests protein |
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describe when bacterium helicobacter pylon or chronic use of drugs meds weaken protective mucous coating of stomach and duodenum
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allows acid to get through to lining beneath inflammation gastritis peptic ulcers wores or holes that form in lining
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inflammatory bowel disease
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chronic inflammation of intestines affectss older children adol adults\
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2 types of inflammatory bowel disease
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ulcerative colitis****** affects just rectum and large intestine
Crohn's disease can affect whole gi tract mouth to anus chronic abdominal pain intermittent severe diarrhea bloody weight loss poor growth stress treated with meds |
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constipation
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contents of intestines do not move along fast enough infrequent painful emptying of bowels wast sstay in large intestine too long too much water removed
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pancreatitis
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inflammation of pancreas large gland behind stomach close to duodenum
pancreas secretes digestive ewnzymes to small intestine through tube pancreatic duct. enzymes digest fats proteins and carbs releases hormones insulin and glucagon in bloodstream |
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cystic fibrosis
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chronic inherited ****illness involve lungs affects pancreas
mucus blocks passageways of pancreas prevents digestive juices enter child's intestines becuase intestines cannot absorb fats and proteins nutrients pass out unused malnutrition |
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hepatitis
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inflammation of liver infections viruses hepatitis A,B,C cytomegalovirus CMV
Epstein-Barr virus mononucleosis chemical poison hepatitis damage no blood supply |
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metabolic liver diseases
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Wilson's disease abnormal functioning of liver causses accumulation of copper in body's tissue
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cholecytitis
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inflammation of gallbladder gallstones \
adults or children with sickle cell disease long-term meds |
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abdominal CT****
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Computed tomography x-ray crossection pictures computerized axial tomography CAT
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uppere endoscopy
esophagogastroduodenoscopy EGD |
swallow thin flexibe lighted tube endoscope transmits image inside esophagus stomach and duodenum examine lining also blows air into stomach expands folds to examine
can see inflammation bleeding can also do biopsy look inside sesophagus stomach and duodenum first part of small intestine why swallowing difficulties nausea vomiting reflux bleeding indigestion ab pain chest pain |
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upper gastrointestinal
upper GI series barium swallow |
x-rays diagnose esophagus stomach duodenum small intestine
can show blockage abnormal growth ulcer \ drink barium thick white milkshake like liquid coats lining show clearly can see ulcers scar tissue abnormal growths hernias fluoroscope radiologist watch digestive system work as barium moves |
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abdominal ****ultrasound
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imaging procedure of internal organs of abdomen including liver gallbladder spleen pancreas kidneys
evaluated with Doppler tech high-frequency sound waves reflect off body structures picture no ionizing radiation |
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endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography ERCP
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liver gallbladder bile ducts and pancreas
liver makes liquid called bile helps with digestion\ gallbladdere small pear shaped organ stores bile until needed bile ducts tubs carry bile from liver to gallbladder and small intestine sometimes called biliary tree pancreas large gland produces chemicals help digestion and hormones insulin |
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ERCP diagnoses
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bile ducts gallstones inlammatory strictures scars, leaks and cancer
combines us of x-rays and endoscope inject dyes into ducts in biliary tree and pancreas |
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liver biopsy
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special needle used remove tissue from liver look for damage disease only if liver does not work properly
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percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography PTCA
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fluoroscopic x-ray projects images on tv exam of bile ducts inside and ouside liver contrast medium injected directly liver bile duct
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anoscopy
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view anus and anal canal
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barium enema GI series
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lower GI series x-rays diagnose in large intestine includes colon and rectum
abnormal growths ulcers spolyps diverticula colon cancer barium into colon see size and shape of colon and rectum |
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colonoscopy****
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look in large intestine from rectum up through colon to lower end of small intestine see inflamed tissue abnormal growths ulcers and bleeding
diagnose changes in bowel habits cancer |
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flexible**** sigmoidoscopy
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look inside of large intestine from rectum through last part of colon(sigmoid descending colon)
find cause diarrhea abdominal pain or constipation cancer can see bleeding inflammation abnormal growths ulcers in descending colon and rectum |
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procedure for flexible sigmoidoscopy
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lie on left side on exam table insert flexible lighted tube into rectum into colon
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tube called
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sisgmoidoscope
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transmits image of
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inside of rectum and colon examine lining of organs blows air into organ inflates them to see better
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FOB test*****
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fecal occult blood test checks for blood unseen
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meclizine*****
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antivert
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sorbitol*****
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D-Gluctiol
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thiethylperazine****
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Torecan
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metoclopramide****
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Reglan
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famotidine****
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Pepcid
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simethicone****
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Mylicon
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loperamide****
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Imodium
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SGOT SGPT
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Liver function tests****
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Alkaline Phosphatase****
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Enzyme test done on serum to detect liver disease
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Serum bilirubin
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tests for level of bilirubin. High levels indicate jaundice effect****
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Stool guaiac****
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Hemoccult test to determine presence of blood in the feces
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