Digestive 1. Exam 3. Anatomy.

Front 1

Does the digestive system have any connection to the outside environment?

Back 1

NO

Front 2

What is the order of the digestive tract?

Back 2

mouth, oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus

Front 3

What are the accessory organs of the digestive system?

Back 3

salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

Front 4

Where do digestive enzymes come from?

Back 4

small intestines, salivary glands, stomach, tongue, pancreas

Front 5

What is another name for the GI tract

Back 5

alomentary canal

Front 6

During digestion, which elements do we simply just absorb?

Back 6

vitamins, minerals, ions, water, cholesterol

Front 7

What is ingestion?

Back 7

taking food and liquids into the mouth

Front 8

What secretions are involved throughout the digestive process?

Back 8

water, enzymes, acids, bile, buffers (to mediate acids)

Front 9

What does motility consist of?

Back 9

mixing and propulsion toward rectum, aid absorption by making alterations

Front 10

What are the two parts of motility?

Back 10

-acids in digestion (breakdown food to nutrients
-altering muscle contractions to mix food

Front 11

What are the two types of digestion?

Back 11

mechanical and chemical

Front 12

What is mechanical digestion done with?

Back 12

teeth (grinds food) and stomach (churns food)

Front 13

Where is chemical digestion performed?

Back 13

digestive enzymes, we digest amino acids and nucleic acids

Front 14

Where do the products produced by absorption get absorbed?

Back 14

by lumen epithelial cells

Front 15

What are the five steps involved in the digestive process?

Back 15

1. ingestion
2. motility
3. digestion
4. absorption
5. defecation

Front 16

What are the four layers of the GI tract wall?

Back 16

-mucosa
-submucosa
-muscularis externa
-serosa

Front 17

What are the five components expelled from the body in defecation?

Back 17

-bile biproducts
-dead cells (from lining of the intestines
-waste products (indigested substances)
-bacteria
-unabsorbed and digested materials

Front 18

What is the majority of fecal weight?

Back 18

bacteria

Front 19

What are the two plexuses?

Back 19

submucosal and myenteric

Front 20

What type of neurons supplies the submucosal and myenteric plexuses?

Back 20

motor neurons

Front 21

What does the myenteric plexus control?

Back 21

motility

Front 22

What does the submucoal plexus control?

Back 22

secretory cells

Front 23

What are the three types of neurons throughout the enteric nervous system?

Back 23

-motor neurons
-sensory neurons
-interneurons

Front 24

What do the sensory neurons control in the enteric nervous system?

Back 24

mucosal epitheluim-the chemoreceptors and stretch receptors

Front 25

What do the interneurons involved in the enteric nervous system control?

Back 25

connect myenteric and submucosal plexus

Front 26

What is the longest segment of the digestive tract?

Back 26

small intestine

Front 27

What do the ridges and folds of the digestive tract do?

Back 27

increase the surface area available for absorption

Front 28

What is the mesentery?

Back 28

double sheet of peritoneal membrane

Front 29

What does the areolar tissue between the mesothelial servaces provide?

Back 29

access route for blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels to and from digestive tract

Front 30

What is the function of the mesentery?

Back 30

stabilize positions of organs attached and prevent intestines from tangling

Front 31

What is the epithelium of the mucosa in the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and anal calnal compsed of?

Back 31

nonkeratinized stratified squamous

Front 32

What is the mucosa epithelium of the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine composed of?

Back 32

simple columnar so we get absorption

Front 33

What doees the mucosa of the stomach contain?

Back 33

epithelium, exocrine cells, enteroendocrine cells

Front 34

Where are the secretor cells of the stomach mucosa located?

Back 34

in the columnar cells

Front 35

What is the function of the exocrine cells?

Back 35

produce mucous for protection from acid cells, cerous fluid to dilute mucus and for enzymes to work

Front 36

What is the function of enteroendocrine cells?

Back 36

secretes hormones into blood, their targets are with GI tract, specifically the stomach

Front 37

What is the lamina propria composed of?

Back 37

-blood and lymph vessels
-musosa associated lymphatic tissue, in the tonsils, appendix, pyres patches

Front 38

Where are villi located and what is their function?

Back 38

the small intestine that increase surface area for absorption

Front 39

What are the two layers of the msucularis mucosae?

Back 39

-inner layer of circular muscle
-outer layer of longitudinal muscle

Front 40

What do contractions of the layers of the muscularis musoae allow?

Back 40

alterations to the lumen shape, move the plicae and villi

Front 41

What is the function of the muscularis mucosa?

Back 41

it creates folds in the mucous membrane to increase surface area to increase absorption in small intestine

Front 42

What are the components of the submucosa?

Back 42

-areolar connective issue
-blood and lymphatic vessels
-submucosal plexus (network of neurons)
-glands and lymphatic tissue

Front 43

Where is the muscularis external located?

Back 43

-mouth
-superior and middle of esohagus
-pharynx
-external anal sphincter

Front 44

Where is the serosa located?

Back 44

abdominal cavity

Front 45

What is another name for the serosa?

Back 45

visceral peritoneum

Front 46

What is the serosa composed of?

Back 46

-CT and simple squamous epithelium

Front 47

Which parts of the body lack serosa?

Back 47

-pharynx
-esophagus
-rectum

Front 48

What is adventitia and where is it located in the body?

Back 48

the outermost coverng on a digestive organ outside of the abdominal cavity-just connective tissue

Front 49

What type of muscle plays a predominant role in the digestive tract?

Back 49

smooooth

Front 50

What is the function of smooth muscle sphincters in the digestive and urinary systems?

Back 50

movement of materials along internal passageways

Front 51

What is the general appearance of smooth muscle cells?

Back 51

long and slender

Front 52

How does a smooth muscle cell differ from skeletal or cardiac muscle?

Back 52

no T-tubules , sarcoplasmic reticulum is a loose network, no myofibrils or sarcomeres

Front 53

Is smooth muscle tissue striated?

Back 53

no

Front 54

What are the think filaments in a smooth muscle cell attached to?

Back 54

dense bodies

Front 55

What interconnects the dense bodies of smooth muscle?

Back 55

intermediate filaments

Front 56

How are smooth muscle cells bound together?

Back 56

at dense bodies

Front 57

What happens when smooth muscle contracts?

Back 57

twists like a corkscrew

Front 58

What are the two types of smooth muscle?

Back 58

multiunit and visceral

Front 59

What type of smooth muscle cells may be innervated by more than one motor neuron?

Back 59

multiunit smooth muscle cells

Front 60

Where is multiunit smooth musle tissue located?

Back 60

iris of the eye, male reporductive tract, large arteries, arrector pili muscles of skin

Front 61

Do visceral smooth muscle cells have any contact with a motor neuron?

Back 61

NO

Front 62

How are visceral smooth muscle cells connected?

Back 62

electrically by gap junctions and mechanically by dense bodies

Front 63

What can a contraction of visceral smooth muscle cells occur in response to?

Back 63

neural, hormonal, chemical stimuli

Front 64

What are pacesetter cells?

Back 64

visceral smooth muscle netowrks that contract spontaneously at regular intervals

Front 65

Where is visceral smooth muscle cells located?

Back 65

walls of digestive tract, gallbladder, urinary bladder, other internal organs

Front 66

What increases or decreases smooth muscle tone?

Back 66

neural hormonal, or local chemical factors

Front 67

What is peristalsis?

Back 67

contractions that propel the bolus forward

Front 68

What are the four steps of peristalsis?

Back 68

1. bolus arrives in digestive system
2. circular muscles contract behind bolus
3. longitudianal muscles ahead of bolus contract
4. contraction of circular muscle layer forces bolus forward

Front 69

What are contractions that churn and fragment the bolus with intestinal secretions called?

Back 69

segmentation

Front 70

Does segmentation follow a set pattern?

Back 70

no, therfore does not push materials along tract in any one direction

Front 71

What are the primary stimulus for digestive activities?

Back 71

local factors

Front 72

what do local factors include?

Back 72

-changes in pH of lumen contents
-physical distorition of digestive tract wall
-presence of chemicals

Front 73

What are short reflexes triggered by?

Back 73

stretch receptors or chemoreceptors

Front 74

What do short reflexes result in?

Back 74

peristalsis and segmentation movements

Front 75

What do long reflexes involve?

Back 75

interneurons and motor neurons in the CNS

Front 76

How many hormones does the digestive tract produce?

Back 76

at least 18

Front 77

what are enteroendocrine cells?

Back 77

peptide hormones that are produced by the digestive tract but affect activities of other systems